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Prince Sviatoslav Igorevitch Rurikid ★Bisabuelo n°24M★ Ref: PS-0920 |•••► #Ucrania #Genealogía #Genealogy

24 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Prince Sviatoslav Igorevitch, Rurikid is your 24th great grandfather.

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Prince Sviatoslav Igorevitch, Rurikid is your 24th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→ Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz

her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna

her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate

her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra

his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina

her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza

his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique

her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza

her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna

her mother → Mayor de Mendoza Manzanedo

her mother → Juan Fernández De Mendoza Y Manuel

her father → Sancha Manuel

his mother → Sancho Manuel de Villena Castañeda, señor del Infantado y Carrión de los Céspedes

her father → Manuel de Castilla, señor de Escalona

his father → Elizabeth of Swabia

his mother → Philip of Swabia, King of Germany

her father → Beatrice of Burgundy

his mother → Agatha of Lorraine

her mother → Simon I, duke of Upper Lorraine

her father → Hedwig von Formbach

his mother → Gertrud von Haldensleben

her mother → Konrad IV von Haldensleben Ortenau

her father → illegitimate daughter of Vladimir of Kiev

his mother → Prince of Kiev Volodymyr Svyatoslavich, Rurikid

her father → Prince Sviatoslav Igorevitch, Rurikid

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Prince Sviatoslav Igorevitch, Rurikid MP

Russian: Великий Князь Киевский Святослав Игоревич, Рюрикович, Lithuanian: kun. Sviatoslavas Igorevičius, Riurikaitis, Ukrainian: кн. Святослав Ігорович, Rurikid, Finnish: Prinssi Svjatoslav I, ruriikki

Gender: Male

Birth: circa 920

Киев, Киевское Княжество, Ukraine

Death: March 26, 972 (47-56)

Dorostol, Silistra, Bulgaria (Killed during the defense of Dorostol - Убит при обороне Доростола )

Immediate Family:

Son of ruler of Kievan Rus' Igor 'the Old' and St. Olga of Kiev

Husband of Efanda and princess Predslava of Ugrich

Partner of Malusha Lubechanka

Father of Prince of Kiev Volodymyr Svyatoslavich, Rurikid; Sfeng / Spheng Rurikid; Yaropolk I of Kiev; Adele of Kiev; Malfryda of Kiev and 1 other

More: Sviatoslav I, aka Sviatoslav the Brave, was a Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. http://www.fries

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Sviatoslav I, aka Sviatoslav the Brave, was a Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire.

http://www.friesian.com/russia.htm#kiev

http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00079371&tree=LEO

Sviatoslav Reign 945–972 Coronation 964 Predecessor Igor Successor Yaropolk I Issue: Yaropolk I Oleg

With Malusha: Vladimir the Great Full name Sviatoslav Igorevich Father Igor Mother Saint Olga (regent 945-964) Born 942? Kiev Died March 972 [aged ~30] The island of Khortytsa Dnieper Burial ? Religion Paganism

Princely stamp Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ[1] Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Russian: Святослав Игоревич, Sviatoslav Igorevich; Ukrainian: Святослав Ігорович, Sviatoslav Ihorovych; Bulgarian: Светослав, Svetoslav, Greek: Σφενδοσθλάβος, Sphendosthlabos) (c. 942 – March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was a prince of Rus.[2][3] The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his incessant campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe—Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire; he also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and the Volga Bulgars,[4] and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars.

His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev (modern day Ukraine) to Pereyaslavets (modern day Romania) on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in ambush, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to fratricidal feud among his sons, resulting in two of his three sons being killed.

Contents [hide] 1 Name 2 Early life and personality 3 Appearance 4 Religious beliefs 5 Family 6 Eastern campaigns 7 Campaigns in the Balkans 8 Death and aftermath 9 Sayings by Svyatoslav 10 In art and literature 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References [edit]Name

The Kievan Rus' at the beginning of Sviatoslav's reign (in red), showing his sphere of influence to 972 (in orange) Sviatoslav was the first ruler of Rus' who is recorded in the Primary Chronicle with a name of Slavic origin (as opposed to his predecessors, whose names are ultimately derived from Old Norse). This name is however not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries. Even in Rus', it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik, as were the names of Sviatoslav's immediate successors: Vladimir, Yaroslav, Mstislav).[5] This is questionable,as these names follow conventions well established in other Slavic lands, and it ignores Vladimir of Bulgaria, who ruled between 889-893. Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (they mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).[6] On the other hand,such a compound structure name was already known from Great Moravia, as in the rulers named Svatopluk. Clearly Sviatislav's name belongs to this tradition, as he had a son by the name of Yaropolk, of much the same form, and a grandson by the very same name, Sviatopolk.

[edit]Early life and personality

Ship burial of Igor the Old in 945, depicted by Henryk Siemiradzki (1843–1902). Virtually nothing is known about his childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 945 and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav's maturity (ca. 963).[7] His tutor was a Varangian named Asmud. "Quick as a leopard,"[8] The tradition of having Varangian tutors for the sons of ruling princes survived well into the 11th century. Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his druzhina (roughly, "troops") in permanent warfare against neighboring states. According to the Primary Chronicle: upon his expeditions he carried with him neither wagons nor kettles, and boiled no meat, but cut off small strips of horseflesh, game or beef, and ate it after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, but he spread out a horse-blanket under him, and set his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise.[9]

Appearance

Illustration of Sviatoslav wearing a vyshyvanka

Madrid Skylitzes. Meeting between John Tzimiskes and Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav's appearance has been described very clearly by Leo the Deacon, who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with John I Tzimiskes. Following Deacon's memories, Sviatoslav was a blue-eyed male of average height but of stalwart build, much more sturdy than Tzimiskes. He shaved his blond head and his beard but wore a bushy mustache and a sidelock as a sign of his nobility.[10] He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men, although he have had a lot in common with his warriors. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a carbuncle and two pearls.[11]

Religious beliefs

His mother, Olga, converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 957. However,[12] Sviatoslav remained a pagan for all of his life. In the treaty of 971 between Sviatoslav and the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes, the Rus' are swearing by Perun and Veles.[13] According to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors (druzhina) would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian.[14] The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.

Family

Svjatoslav's mother, Olga, with her escort in Constantinople, a miniature from the late 11th-century chronicle of John Skylitzes. Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that Sviatoslav was not the only (and the eldest) son of his parents. The Russo-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. The fact that Predslava was Oleg's mother is presented by Vasily Tatishchev. He also speculated that Predslava was of a Hungarian nobility. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. Another chronicle told that Oleg (? - 944?) was the eldest son of Igor. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child and he was raised by his mother or at her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.

Sviatoslav, had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg.[15] By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins,[16] Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus' to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.[17]

[edit]Eastern campaigns

Sviatoslav I in the Tsarsky Titulyarnik, 1672 Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand the Rus' control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region. His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe. The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.[18]

The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel, sacked by Sviatoslav c. 965 (aerial photo from excavations conducted by Mikhail Artamonov in the 1930s) Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, and possibly sacked (but did not occupy) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea.[22] At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel").[23] He subsequently destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil.[24] A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."[25] The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.[26]

Although Ibn Haukal reports Sviatoslav's sack of Samandar in modern-day Dagestan, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience.[27] Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region.[28] The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.[29]

[edit]Campaigns in the Balkans

Main article: Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria

Pursuit of Sviatoslav's warriors by the Byzantine army, a miniature from 11th-century chronicles of John Skylitzes.

Sviatoslav invading Bulgaria; Manasses Chronicle The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944.[30] Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.

In 967 or 968[31] Nikephoros sent to Sviatoslav his agent, Kalokyros, with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria.[32] Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.[33][34]

Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II[35] and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich, and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.

[show] v t e Rus'–Byzantine Wars

Boris Chorikov. Sviatoslav's Council of War Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus' furs, wax, honey, and slaves".

In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating Thrace, capturing the city of Philippopolis, and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.[36]

John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav into leaving Bulgaria, but was unsuccessful. Challenging the Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople, causing panic on the streets of Constantinople in summer 970.[37] Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Skleros, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis.[38] Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus' were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.

Siege of Durostorum in Manasses Chronicle Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon, which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty-five days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna, reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle.[39] While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.

[edit]Death and aftermath

The Death of Sviatoslav by Boris Chorikov Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs.[40] According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper rapids, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya.[41]

Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions between his sons grew. A war broke out between Sviatoslav's legitimate sons, Oleg and Yaropolk, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg's fate and went to Scandinavia, where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980. Yaropolk was killed and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.

Sayings by Svyatoslav

I come at you. The dead can not be dishonored.

In art and literature

Ivan Akimov. Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to His Family in Kiev (1773)

Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774, which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constantinople. Russia's southward expansion and Catherine II's imperialistic ventures in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.

In the 19th century, interest in Sviatoslav's career waned. Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with Emperor John in his well-known painting, while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century.[42] Sviatoslav appears in the 1913 poem of Velimir Khlebnikov Written before the war (#70. Написанное до войны)[43] as an epitome of militant Slavdom:

Знаменитый сок Дуная, Pouring the famed juice of the Danube Наливая в глубь главы, Into the depth of my head, Стану пить я, вспоминая I shall drink and remember Светлых клич: "Иду на вы!". The cry of the bright ones: "I come at you!"[44]

Monument by Vyacheslav Klykov (2005) He is the villain of Samuel Gordon[disambiguation needed]'s novel The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars,[45] a fictionalized account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti.[46]

In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David. This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism.[47] The Press Center of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed, but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions."[48] When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.

Svyatoslav is the main character of books "Knyaz" ("Князь") and "The Hero" ("Герой") writed by Russian writer Alexander Mazin.

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Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Russian: Святослав Игоревич, Svyatoslav Igorevič; Ukrainian: Святослав Ігорович, Svyatoslav Igorovič; Svetoslav; Bulgarian: Светослав, Greek: Σφενδοσθλάβος, Sphendosthlabos)

Father: Igor

Mother: Olga Spouse: Unnamed daughter of Tormas, Prince of Hungary Issue: Iaropolk Sviatoslavich

Born: 935-940 Died: 972

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev#Sons

Sons

Oleg

Yaropolk

Vladimir, a son of Malusha (supposedly slavanized version of Malfried)

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm

SVIATOSLAV, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga --- ([935/40]-killed in battle [Mar/May] 972). The De administrando imperio names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius". The Primary Chronicle names Sviatoslav as son of Olga. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a young adult when the De administrando imperio was compiled, before the death of Emperor Konstantinos VII in 959. According to the Primary Chronicle he "was but a child" in 946. At an early age, Sviatoslav´s father appears to have established him in the northern town of Gorodishche, which indicates a claim to overlordship of the northern Scandinavian settlements. The place is called "Nemogardas" in the De administrando imperio, which could be a corruption of Novgorod. He succeeded his father as SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, under the regency of his mother. Kiev was besieged by the Pechenegs in 962. Ruling alone by the mid-960s, Prince Sviatoslav launched a major attack against the Khazars in 965, using the Pechenegs as allies. He conquered the entire middle Volga area and took control of the commercial centres of Sarkel and Ityl. Sviatoslav invaded the territory of the Bulgars along the Danube in 967, having been invited to do so by Emperor Nikephoros Phokas, and established a base at Pereiaslavets on the Danube delta. It is not clear whether Pereiaslavets was the same place as Preslava, the Bulgarian capital, as Franklin & Shepard appear to assume, or a different place which appears to be the basis on which Fine writes. Zonaras records that "Borises…Bulgarorum rex" reconquered Preslav but was defeated by "Sphendosthlavus Russorum dux". Faced with the perceived threat of invasion by Sviatoslav, Emperor Ioannes Tzimisces marched into Bulgaria, captured the capital, and negotiated Sviatoslav's withdrawal. During Sviatoslav's absence in Bulgaria, the Pechenegs raided as far as Kiev. Fine points out that according to the Primary Chronicle the Bulgarians summoned the Pechenegs to attack Kiev, without help from Byzantium. The Primary Chronicle records that, on Sviatoslav´s return journey to Kiev while crossing the Dnieper river in Spring 972, he was attacked and killed by the Pecheneg leader Kuria who reputedly made his skull into a ceremonial cup covered with gold. This represents a curious echo of the report in Paulus Diaconus according to which the skull of Alboin King of the Lombards in Pannonia was allegedly made into a drinking cup after he was defeated and killed by Cunimund King of the Gepids in 567. m (before [960]%29 --- [of Hungary], daughter of [TORMAS Prince of Hungary & his wife ---]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was known as PREDSLAVA in Russia. Europäische Stammtafeln suggests that Predslava was the possible daughter of Tormas but the basis for this speculation is not known. Her marriage date is estimated from the estimated date of birth of her son. Mistress (1): ESFIR, daughter of ---. She is named as Sviatoslav´s mistress in Europäische Stammtafeln. The primary source which confirms her parentage and relationship with Sviatoslav has not yet been identified. Mistress (2): MALUSHA [Malfred], daughter of MALK of Lyubech & his wife --- (-1002). The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya (naming their father Malk of Lyubech), as mother of Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. Grand Prince Sviatoslav & his wife had one child, Iaropolk Sviatoslavich. Grand Prince Sviatoslav & Mistress (1) had one child, Oleg Sviatoslav. Grand Prince Sviatoslav & Mistress (2) had one child, Vladimir Sviatoslavich.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev

Sviatoslav I Igorevich was a warrior prince of Kievan Rus'. The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his incessant campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe—Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire; he also subdued the Volga Bulgars, the Alans, and numerous East Slavic tribes, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars. His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in combat, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to civil war among his successors.

Personality

Sviatoslav was the first true ruler of Kievan Rus' whose name is indisputably Slavic in origin (as opposed to his predecessors, whose names are ultimately derived from Old Norse). This name is not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries. Even in Rus', it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik, as were the names of Sviatoslav's immediate successors: Vladimir, Yaroslav, Mstislav). Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (they mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).

Virtually nothing is known about his childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 945 and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav's maturity (ca. 963). His tutor was a Varangian named Asmud. "Quick as a leopard," Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his druzhina (roughly, "troops") in permanent warfare against neighboring states. According to the Primary Chronicle:

“Upon his expeditions he carried with him neither wagons nor kettles, and boiled no meat, but cut off small strips of horseflesh, game or beef, and ate it after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, but he spread out a horse-blanket under him, and set his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise. ” Sviatoslav was noted by Leo the Deacon to be of average height and build. He shaved his head and his beard (or possibly just had a wispy beard) but wore a bushy mustache and a one or two sidelocks as a sign of his nobility. He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a ruby and two pearls. His mother converted to Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 945 or 957. However, Sviatoslav continued to worship Perun, Veles, Svarog and the other gods and goddesses of the Slavic pantheon. He remained a pagan for all of his life; according to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian. The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.

Family

Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that Sviatoslav was not the only (and the eldest) son of his parents. The Russo-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child and he was raised by his mother or at her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.

Sviatoslav, had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg. By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins, Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear. When Sviatoslav went on campaign he left his various relations as regents in the main cities of his realm: his mother Olga and later Yaropolk in Kiev, Vladimir in Novgorod, and Oleg over the Drevlians.

Cousins

The following people are mentioned as the Igor's nephews:

Sludy Prasten Akun

Sons

Oleg

Yaropolk Vladimir, a son of Malusha (supposedly slavanized version of Malfried)

Eastern campaigns

Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand the Rus' control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region. His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe. The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.

Sviatoslav began by rallying the Khazars' East Slavic vassal tribes to his cause. Those who would not join him, such as the Vyatichs, were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus' rather than the Khazars. According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic: "хощю на вы ити") This phrase is used in modern Russian (usually misquoted as "Иду на вы") to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions. Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers, he invaded Volga Bulgaria and exacted tribute from the local population, thus bringing under Kievan control the upper Volga River. He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the Khazars' and Bulgars' superior cavalry. Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, and possibly sacked (but did not occupy) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea. At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel"). He subsequently (probably in 968 or 969) destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch." The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil. Although Ibn Haukal reports Sviatoslav's sack of Samandar in modern-day Dagestan, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience. Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region. The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.

Campaigns in the Balkans

The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944. Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.

In 967 or 968 Nikephoros sent to Sviatoslav his agent, Kalokyros, with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria. Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries. Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich, and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev. Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus furs, wax, honey, and slaves". In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating Thrace, capturing the city of Philippopolis, and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor. John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav into leaving Bulgaria, but was unsuccessful. Challenging the Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople, causing panic on the streets of Constantinople in summer 970. Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Skleros, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis. Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage. Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon, which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty-five days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna, reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle. While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.

Death and aftermath

Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs. According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper cataracts, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya.

In art and literature

Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774, which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constaninople. Russia's southward expansion and Catherine II's imperialistic ventures in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.

Among the works created during the war was Yakov Knyazhnin's tragedy Olga (1772). The Russian playwright chose to introduce Sviatoslav as his protagonist, although his active participation in the events following Igor's death is out of sync with the traditional chronology. Knyazhnin's rival Nikolai Nikolev (1758–1815) also wrote a play on the subject of Sviatoslav's life. Ivan Akimov's painting Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to Kiev (1773) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment. It is a vivid example of Poussinesque rendering of early medieval subject matter. In the 19th century, interest in Sviatoslav's career waned. Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with Emperor John in his well-known painting, while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century. Sviatoslav appears in the Slavophile poems of Velimir Khlebnikov as an epitome of militant Slavdom:

He is the villain of Samuel Gordon's novel The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars, a fictionalized account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti. In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David. This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism. The Press Center of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed, but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions." When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.

Notes:

The name of Svyatoslav's wives are not preserved. For those who listed Debrima and Elfira as names of the mother(s) of Oleg and Yaropolk, please provide the source (Esfir is named as a mistress by the FMG, not a wife). Svyatoslav's relationship with "Predslava" has not been defined - she is either a wife (speculates FMG) or a daughter (speculates Russian Wikipedia) or an aunt (speculates English Wikipedia). If someone has discovered a primary source document identifying her as Svyatoslav's wife, please provide it.

Svyatoslav's birth location is not identified. Indeed, his birth year is approximated. The problem is the age of his mother, Olga, being too old to have gave birth in 942 (if she was born in 879 as the Primary Chronicle states). And if there is record of Svyatoslav being baptized, please provide it. Although Olga may have converted to Christianity in 945 (during the subjugation of the Drevlians?), Svyatoslav refused to convert for fear of losing the respect of his soldiers.

From the Russian Biographical Dictionary:

http://www.rulex.ru/01180088.htm

Prins (knjaz) Svjatoslav I av Kiev (omkring 942 – 972) var en varjagisk eller östslavisk krigare som utvidgade Kievriket till det för den tiden största i Europa. Han flyttade rikets huvudstad till Perejaslavets i Bulgarien år 969. Svjatoslav hade för avsikt att göra Bulgarien till ett centrum för hans imperium. Han tvingades att ge upp Balkanländerna 971 i kriget mot den byzantinske härskaren Johannes I Tzimiskes. Vid återresan från det misslyckade fälttåget mot Bysans blev Svjatoslav år 972 dödad medelst armborstpil av petjeneger.

Det finns inget nedtecknat om Svyatoslavs barn- och ungdomsperiod i Novgorod. Hans mor, S:t Olga, var härskarinna av Kiev fram till Svjatoslav blev myndig, omkring 963. Sviatoslav var en notorisk och hårdnackad hedning som förnekade kristendomen, till skillnad från hans mor som döptes omkring 957.

-----------------------------------------------------

From the English Wikipedia page on Sviatoslav I of Kiev:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev

Sviatoslav I of Kiev (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ (Свąтославъ)[1] Игорєвичь (Sventoslavŭ Igorevichǐ), Russian: Святослав Игоревич, Ukrainian: Святослав Ігорович, Bulgarian: Светослав, Greek: Σφενδοσθλάβος (Sfendoslavos) ) (c. 942 – March 972) was a warrior prince of Kievan Rus'.

The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his incessant campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe—Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire; he also subdued the Volga Bulgars, the Alans, and numerous East Slavic tribes, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars.

In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in combat, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to civil war among his successors.

Personality

The Kievan Rus' at the beginning of Sviatoslav's reign (in red), showing his sphere of influence to 972 (in orange)

Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (they mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).[3]

Virtually nothing is known about his childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 942 and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav's maturity (ca. 963).[4] His tutor was a Varangian named Asmud.

"Quick as a leopard,"[5] Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his druzhina (roughly, "troops") in permanent warfare against neighboring states.

According to the Primary Chronicle: "Upon his expeditions he carried with him neither wagons nor kettles, and boiled no meat, but cut off small strips of horseflesh, game or beef, and ate it after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, but he spread out a horse-blanket under him, and set his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise.[6]”

Sviatoslav was noted by Leo the Deacon to be of average height and build. He shaved his head and his beard (or possibly just had a wispy beard) but wore a bushy mustache and a one or two sidelocks as a sign of his nobility. He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a ruby and two pearls.[7][8]

His mother converted to Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 945 or 957. However,[9] Sviatoslav continued to worship Perun, Veles, Svarog and the other gods and goddesses of the Slavic pantheon. He remained a pagan for all of his life; according to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian.[10] The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.

Family

Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that Sviatoslav was not the only (nor the eldest) son of his parents. The Russo-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency.

At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child and he was raised by his mother or at her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.

Sviatoslav, had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg.[11]

By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins,[12] Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.[13]

When Sviatoslav went on campaign he left his various relations as regents in the main cities of his realm: his mother Olga and later Yaropolk in Kiev, Vladimir in Novgorod, and Oleg over the Drevlians.

Eastern campaigns

Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand the Rus control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region. His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe.

The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.[14]

According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic: "хощю на вы ити")[16] This phrase is used in modern Russian (usually misquoted as "Иду на вы" or "I'm coming to you!") to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions.

Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers, he invaded Volga Bulgaria and exacted tribute from the local population, thus bringing under Kievan control the upper Volga River. He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the Khazars' and Bulgars' superior cavalry.[17]

Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, and possibly sacked (but did not occupy) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea.[18] At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel").[19]

He subsequently (probably in 968 or 969) destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil.[20] A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."[21]

The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.[22]

The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.[25]

Campaigns in the Balkans

The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944.[26] Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Phocas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.

In 967 or 968[27] Nicephorus sent to Sviatoslav his agent, Kalokyros, with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria.[28] Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.[29][30]

Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II [31] and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir.

The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich, and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.

Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub.

In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus furs, wax, honey, and slaves".

Nicephorus responded by fortifying the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nicephorus was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.[32]

Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phocas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Sklerus, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis.[34]

John, after having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phocas, came to the Balkans with a large army, and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.

Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostol, which the Byzantine armies besieged for 65 days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home.

Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna, reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle.[35]

While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.

Death and aftermath

According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper cataracts, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya.[37]

Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions between his sons grew. A war broke out between Sviatoslav's legitimate sons, Oleg and Yaropolk, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed.

In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg's fate and went to Scandinavia, where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980. Yaropolk was killed and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.

In art and literature

Ivan Akimov's painting Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to Kiev (1773) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment. It is a vivid example of Poussinesque rendering of early medieval subject matter.

Sviatoslav appears in the Slavophile poems of Velimir Khlebnikov as an epitome of militant Slavdom:

Pouring the famed juice of the Danube

Into the depth of my head,

I shall drink and remember

The cry of the bright ones: "I come at you!" [39]

He is the villain of Samuel Gordon's novel The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars,[40] a fictionalized account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti.[41]

This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism.[42]

The Press Center of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed, but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions."[43] When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.

Notes

1. E.g. in the Primary Chronicle under year 970 http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat04.htm

2. А.Ф. Литвина, В.Б. Успенский. Выбор имени у русских князей X-XVI вв. [Choice of personal names for the Russian princes of the 10th-16th centuries.] Moscow: Indrik, 2006. ISBN 5-85759-339-5. Page 43.

4. If Olga was indeed born in 879, as the Primary Chronicle seems to imply, she should have been about 65 at the time of Sviatoslav's birth. There are clearly some problems with chronology.

5. Primary Chronicle entry for 968

6. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Primary Chronicle, p. 84.

7. Vernadsky 276–277. The sidelock is reminiscent of Turkic hairstyles and practices and was later mimicked by Cossacks.

8. For the alternative translations of the same passage of the Greek original that say that Sviatoslav may have not shaven but wispy beard and not one but two sidelocks on each side of his head, see eg. Ian Heath "The Vikings (Elite 3)", Osprey Publishing 1985; ISBN 9780850455656, p.60 or David Nicolle "Armies of Medieval Russia 750–1250 (Men-at-Arms 333)" Osprey Publishing 1999; ISBN 9781855328488, p.44

9. Based on his analysis of De Ceremoniis Alexander Nazarenko hypothesizes that Olga hoped to orchestrate a marriage between Sviatoslav and a Byzantine princess. If her proposal was peremptorily declined (as it most certainly would have been), it is hardly surprising that Sviatoslav would look at Byzantium and her Christian culture with suspicion. Nazarenko 302.

10. Primary Chronicle _____.

11. Whether Yaropolk and Oleg were whole or half brothers, and who their mother or mothers were, is a matter hotly debated by historians.

12. She is traditionally identified in Russian historiography as Dobrynya's sister; for other theories on her identity, see here.

13. Indeed, Franklin and Shepard advanced the hypothesis that Sfengus was identical with Mstislav of Tmutarakan. Franklin and Shepard 200-201.

14. "Rus", Encyclopaedia of Islam

15. Christian 345. It is disputed whether Sviatoslav invaded the land of Vyatichs that year. The only campaign against the Vyatichs explicitly mentioned in the Primary Chronicle is dated to 966.

16. Russian Primary Chronicle (ПСРЛ. — Т. 2. Ипатьевская летопись. — СПб., 1908, http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat03.htm ) for year 6472. The chronicler may have wished to contrast Sviatoslav's open declaration of war to stealthy tactics employed by many other early medieval conquerors.

17. For Sviatoslav's reliance on nomad cavalry, see, e.g., Franklin and Shepard 149; Christian 298; Pletneva 18.

18. Christian 298. The Primary Chronicle is very succinct about the whole campaign against Khazars, saying only that Sviatoslav "took their city and Belaya Vezha".

19. The town was an important trade center located near the portage between the Volga and Don Rivers. By the early 12th century, however, it had been destroyed by the Kipchaks.

20. See, generally Christian 297–298; Dunlop passim.

21. Logan (1992), p. 202

22. Artamonov 428; Christian 298.

23. The campaign against Ossetians is attested in the Primary Chronicle. The Novgorod First Chronicle specifies that Sviatoslav resettled the Ossetians near Kiev, but Sakharov finds this claim dubitable.

24. The Mandgelis Document refers to a Khazar potentate in the Taman Peninsula around 985, long after Sviatoslav's death. Kedrenos reported that the Byzantines and Rus' collaborated in the conquest of a Khazar kingdom in the Crimea in 1016 and still later, Ibn al-Athir reported an unsuccessful attack by al-Fadl ibn Muhammad against the Khazars in the Caucasus in 1030. For more information on these and other references, see Khazars#Late references to the Khazars.

25. Christian 298.

26. Most historians believe the Greeks were interested in the destruction of Khazaria. Another school of thought essentializes Yahya of Antioch's report that, prior to the Danube campaign, the Byzantines and the Rus' were at war. See Sakharov, chapter I.

27. The exact date of Sviatoslav's Bulgarian campaign, which likely did not commence until the conclusion of his Khazar campaign, is unknown.

28. Mikhail Tikhomirov and Vladimir Pashuto, among others, assume that the Emperor was interested primarily in diverting Sviatoslav's attention from Chersonesos, a Byzantine possession in the Crimea. Indeed, Leo the Deacon three times mentions that Sviatoslav and his father Igor controlled Cimmerian Bosporus. If so, a conflict of interests in the Crimea was inevitable. The Suzdal Chronicle, though a rather late source, also mentions Sviatoslav's war against Chersonesos. In the peace treaty of 971, Sviatoslav promised not to wage wars against either Constantinople or Chersonesos. Byzantine sources also report that Kalokyros attempted to persuade Sviatoslav to support Kalokyros in a coup against the reigning Byzantine emperor. As a remuneration for his help, Sviatoslav was supposed to retain a permanent hold on Bulgaria. Modern historians, however, assign little historical importance to this story. Kendrick 157.

29. All figures in this article, including the numbers of Sviatoslav's troops, are based on the reports of Byzantine sources, which may differ from those of the Slavonic chronicles. Greek sources report Khazars and "Turks" in Sviatoslav's army as well as Pechenegs. As used in such Byzantine writings as Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De Administrando Imperio, "Turks" refers to Magyars. The Rus'-Magyar alliance resulted in the Hungarian expedition against the second largest city of the empire, Thessalonica, in 968.

30. W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, 509

31. Boris II was captured by the Byzantines in 971 and carried off to Constantinople as a prisoner.

32. Kendrick 158

33. Simultaneously, Otto I attacked Byzantine possessions in the south of Italy. This remarkable coincidence may be interpreted as an evidence of the anti-Byzantine German-Russian alliance. See: Manteuffel 41.

34. Grekov 445–446. The Byzantine sources report the enemy casualties to be as high as 20,000, the figure modern historians find to be highly improbable.

35. Franklin and Shepard 149–150

36. Constantine VII pointed out that, by virtue of their controlling the Dnieper cataracts, the Pechenegs may easily attack and destroy the Rus' vessels sailing along the river.

37. The use of a defeated enemy's skull as a drinking vessel is reported by numerous authors through history among various steppe peoples, such as the Scythians. Kurya likely intended this as a compliment to Sviatoslav; sources report that Kurya and his wife drank from the skull and prayed for a son as brave as the deceased Rus' warlord. Christian 344; Pletneva 19; Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor 90.

38. E. A Lanceray. "Sviatoslav on the way to Tsargrad.", The Russian History in the Mirror of the Fine Arts (Russian)

39. Cooke, Raymond Cooke. Velimir Khlebnikov: A Critical Study. Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pages 122–123

40. London: Shapiro, Vallentine, 1926

41. (Moscow: Det. lit., 1989).

42. Alexander Verkhovsky. Anti-Semitism in Russia: 2005. Key Developments and New Trends

43. "The Federation of Jewish Communities protests against the presence of a Star of David in a new sculpture in Belgorod", Interfax, November 21, 2005; Kozhevnikova, Galina, "Radical nationalism and efforts to oppose it in Russia in 2005"; "FJC Russia Appeal Clarifies Situation Over Potentially Anti-Semitic Monument" (Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS Press Release), November 23, 2005; Dahan, David, "Jews protest trampled Star of David statue", European Jewish Press, November 22, 2005

References

Artamonov, Mikhail Istoriya Khazar. Leningrad, 1962.

Barthold, W.. "Khazar". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 1996.

Chertkov A. D. Opisanie voin velikago kniazya Svyatoslava Igorevicha. Moscow, 1843.

Chlenov, A.M. (А.М. Членов.) "K Voprosu ob Imeni Sviatoslava." Lichnye Imena v proshlom, Nastoyaschem i Buduschem Antroponomiki ("К вопросу об имени Святослава". Личные имена в прошлом, настоящем и будущем: проблемы антропонимики) (Moscow, 1970).

Christian, David. A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia. Blackwell, 1999.

Cross, S. H., and O.P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor. The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text. Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1953.

Dunlop, D.M. History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton Univ. Press, 1954.

Franklin, Simon and Jonathan Shepard. The Emergence of Rus 750-1200. London: Longman, 1996. ISBN 0-582-49091-X.

Golden, P.B. "Rus." Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2006.

Grekov, Boris. Kiev Rus. tr. Sdobnikov, Y., ed. Ogden, Denis. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959

Hanak, Walter K. (1995), "The Infamous Svjatoslav: Master of Duplicity in War and Peace?", in Miller, Timothy S.; Nesbitt, John, Peace and War in Byzantium: Essays in Honor of George T. Dennis, S.J., The Catholic University of America Press, ISBN 9780813208053

Kendrick, Thomas D. A History of the Vikings. Courier Dover Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-486-43396-X

Logan, Donald F. The Vikings in History 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992. ISBN 0-415-08396-6

Manteuffel Th. "Les tentatives d'entrainement de la Russie de Kiev dans la sphere d'influence latin". Acta Poloniae Historica. Warsaw, t. 22, 1970.

Nazarenko, A.N. (А.Н. Назаренко). Drevniaya Rus' na Mezhdunarodnykh Putiakh (Древняя Русь на международных путях). Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, World History Institute, 2001. ISBN 5-7859-0085-8.

Pletneva, Svetlana. Polovtsy Moscow: Nauka, 1990.

Sakharov, Andrey. The Diplomacy of Svyatoslav. Moscow: Nauka, 1982. (http://www.hrono.ru/libris/saharov00.html)

Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8020-5808-6

Vernadsky, G.V. The Origins of Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

Storfyrste Svjatoslav I av Kiev. Født omkring 942. Død 972. Han var sønn av Storfyrste Igor I av Kiev. Født 875. Død 945, og Fyrstinne Olga den Hellige av Pskov. Født 890. Død 969.

Svjatoslav hadde sammen med frillen Matuscha ???, sønnen:

1. Storfyrste Vladimir den Hellige av Novgorod. Død 15.07.1015.

Svjatoslav var Storfyrste av Kiev 962 - 972.

Svjatoslav ble drept i 972 av Petschengerne. 1)

1). Mogens Bugge: Våre forfedre, nr. 146. Bent og Vidar Billing Hansen: Rosensverdslektens forfedre, side 90

From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Russia Rurikid:

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm

SVIATOSLAV, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga --- ([935/40]-killed in battle [Mar/May] 972).

The De administrando imperio names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius"[45]. The Primary Chronicle names Svyatoslav as son of Olga[46].

His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a young adult when the De administrando imperio was compiled, before the death of Emperor Konstantinos VII in 959. According to the Primary Chronicle he "was but a child" in 946[47].

At an early age, Sviatoslav´s father appears to have established him in the northern town of Gorodishche, which seems to indicate that a claim to the overlordship of the northern Scandinavian settlements. The place is called "Nemogardas" in the De administrando imperio[48], which could be a corruption of Novgorod.

He succeeded his father as SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, under the regency of his mother.

Kiev was besieged by the Pechenegs in 962[49]. Ruling alone by the mid-960s, Prince Sviatoslav launched a major attack against the Khazars in 965, using the Pechenegs as allies[50]. He conquered the entire middle Volga area and took control of the commercial centres of Sarkel and Ityl[51].

Sviatoslav invaded the territory of the Bulgars along the Danube in 967, having been invited to do so by Emperor Nikephoros Phokas, and established a base at Pereiaslavets on the Danube delta[52]. It is not clear whether Pereiaslavets was the same place as Preslava, the Bulgarian capital, as Franklin & Shepherd appear to assume[53] or different, which appears to be the basis on which Fine writes[54]. Faced with the perceived threat of invasion by Sviatoslav, Emperor Ioannes Tzimisces marched into Bulgaria, captured the capital, and negotiated Sviatoslav's withdrawal.

During Sviatoslav's absence in Bulgaria, the Pechenegs raided as far as Kiev. Fine points out that according to the Primary Chronicle the Bulgarians summoned the Pechenegs to attack Kiev, without help from Byzantium[55]. On Sviatoslav´s return journey to Kiev while crossing the Dnieper river in Spring 972, he was attacked and killed by the Pecheneg leader Kuria who reputedly made his skull into a ceremonial cup covered with gold[56]. This represents a curious echo of the report in Paulus Diaconus according to which the skull of Alboin King of the Lombards in Pannonia was allegedly made into a drinking cup after he was defeated and killed by Cunimund King of the Gepids in 567[57].

m (before [960]%29 --- [of Hungary], daughter of [TORMAS Prince of Hungary & his wife ---].

The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was known as PREDSLAVA in Russia. Europäische Stammtafeln[58] suggests that Predslava was the possible daughter of Tormas but the basis for this speculation is not known. Her marriage date is estimated from the estimated date of birth of her son.

Mistress (1): ESFIR, daughter of ---.

She is named as Sviatoslav´s mistress in Europäische Stammtafeln[59]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and relationship with Sviatoslav has not yet been identified.

Mistress (2): MALUSHA [Malfred], sister of DOBRINYA (Ben notes: Dobrinya is a male), daughter of MALK of Lyubech & his wife --- (-1002).

The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya (naming their father Malk of Lyubech), as mother of Svyatoslav's son Vladimir[60].

Grand Prince Sviatoslav & his wife had one child:

1. Yaropolk Sviatoslavich (b. c.960, d. 980, murdered in Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev)

Grand Prince Sviatoslav had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

1. Oleg Sviatoslavich (d. 976/977, killed, buried in Vruchiy, Prince of Dereva)

Grand Prince Sviatoslav had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

1. Vladimir Sviatoslavich (b. c.960, d. 15 July 1015 in Berestove, Grand Prince of Kiev as Vladimir The Great, OUR ANCESTOR)

From the Russian Wikipedia page on Svyatoslav Igorevich:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev

Wikipedia:

Prins (knjaz) Svjatoslav I av Kiev (omkring 945 – 972) var en varjagisk eller östslavisk krigare som utvidgade Kievriket till det för den tiden största i Europa. Han flyttade rikets huvudstad till Perejaslavets i Bulgarien år 969. Svjatoslav hade för avsikt att göra Bulgarien till ett centrum för sitt imperium. Han tvingades att ge upp Balkanländerna 971 i kriget mot den byzantinske härskaren Johannes I Tzimiskes. Vid återresan från det misslyckade fälttåget mot Bysans blev Svjatoslav år 972 dödad medelst armborstpil av petjeneger.

Det finns inget nedtecknat om Svjatoslavs barn- och ungdomsperiod i Novgorod. Hans mor, S:t Olga, var härskarinna av Kiev fram till Svjatoslav blev myndig, omkring 963. Svjatoslav var en notorisk och hårdnackad hedning som förnekade kristendomen, till skillnad från hans mor som döptes omkring 957.

Den bysantinske historieskrivaren Leo Diakonos berskriver honom så här: Han var av medellängd, varken för lång eller för kort, han hade täta ögonbryn, blå ögon, platt näsa; han rakade skägget på hakan, men täta hår hängde ned från överläppen. Hans huvud var helt kalt - bara på den ena sidan hängde en hårlock som tecken på släktens förnämhet. Halsen var tjock, skuldrorna breda och hela gestalten ganska välskapt. Han verkade dyster och vild...

Svjatoslavs mer slaviska än nordiska uppenbarelse, som dessutom piffades upp av en guldring i örat med inlagda pärlor, visar symboliskt hur ruserna vid det här laget hade assimilerats i Rutenien.

Sviatoslav (Svatislav) I IGORJEWITSCH

aka Svjatoslav I Velikij Knjas KIJEVSKIJ; aka Swjatoslav I `the Warlike' von KIEW; RURIKOVICH; Grand Prince of KIEV

Born: abt. 915 Died: 972 poss. Wives/Partners: Fredslava (ARPAD ?) ; Malousha the Slav' de LUBECH ; Fredslava (ARPAD ?)

Children: Yaropolk I SVYATOSLAVICH ; Vladimir (I; Saint; Grand Prince) of KIEV

Furthermore: http://fabpedigree.com/s036/f070081.htm

_______

_____

/ -- Rurik Hnaggvanbauge SKANE H. + ====> [ 240 ,,q,&]

/ -- Frode RURIKSSON Skane von HALLAND

/ -- Halfdan Berg-Gram FRODESSON (650? - ?)

| | or: prob. not Ivar `Wide Fathom' of SCANE, q.v.

/ | OR: poss. Ivar HALFDANSSON of SCANE + ====> [ 252 ,,p,&]

/ -- Roric SLINGEBAND (King) of LETHRA (700? - ?)

/ | OR: Rurik II Slyongvanbaugi of DENMARK + ====> [ 243 ,,x,&]

/ -- Harold HILDITONN (King) of LETHRA

/ \ -- Audur IVARSDOTTIR (Queen) of HOLMGARD + ====> [ 253 ,,p,&]

/ -- poss. Halfdan (Margrave) of FRISIA

| | or: Rurik `Fredlige' av DANMARK

| | or: poss. (NN), brother of Harold KLAK, q.v.

/ | OR: prob. not Sigurd (King) of DENMARK + ====> [ 255 ,,pt,&]

/ -- Rurik (Grand Prince) of NOVGORAD

| \ | or: Ingwar (Rurik's son)

| | | OR: prob. not Rurik von NOWGOROD [alt ped] + ====> [ 255 ,,p,&]

| | / -- poss. Eardwulf (King) of BERNICIA + ==&=> [ 255 ,,pD,&]

| | / -- Ella (King) of NORTHUMBRIA (758?? - 867??)

| | / \ -- poss. (NN), kinswoman of Charlemagne + ====> [ 1]

| \ -- poss. Heluna Bleja ELLUSDOTTER

/ | or: poss. Ragnhilde / -- Igor I (Grand Prince) of KIEV (876? - 945?) | \ | OR: poss. not Bearer of N3a1 y-Haplogroup + =====> | | / -- Helgi I | | | | or: prob. not Izborsk de OKLOGSLAND, q.v. | | / | or: prob. not Halfdan of FRISIA, q.v. | \ -- Efanda (Edvina Alfrind Ingrid) of URMAN (850? - ?) / | OR: prob. not Marija of BULGARIA + ==&=> [ 255 ,,XQD,&] - Sviatoslav (Svatislav) I IGORJEWITSCH \ / -- Izborsk (Beozersk) de OKLOGSLAND | / -- Oleg (Helgi II) of DENMARK (878? - 912+) \ -- Olga (Helga) von PLESKAU (Grand Duchess) of KIEV

From Wikipedia

Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ[1] Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Old Norse: Sveinald Ingvarsson) (c. 942 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav was a Grand prince of Kiev[2][3] famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars,[4][5] and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars.

His decade-long reign over the Kievan Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital in 969 from Kiev (modern-day Ukraine) to Pereyaslavets (identified as the modern village of Nufăru, Romania)[6] on the Danube. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in ambush, his conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his three sons, resulting in two of them being killed.

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/123379038/sviatoslav_i-igorevich

"Sviatoslav I of Kiev, (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Russian: Святослав Игоревич, Sviatoslav Igorevich; Ukrainian: Святослав Ігорович, Sviatoslav Ihorovych; Belarusian: Святаслаў Ігаравіч, Sviatoslav Igaravich; Bulgarian: Светослав, Svetoslav, Greek: Σφενδοσθλάβος, Sphendosthlabos) (c. 942 – March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was a prince of Rus. The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his incessant campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and the Volga Bulgars, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars."

Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Old Norse: Sveinald Ingvarsson) (c. 942 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav was a Grand prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars.

His decade-long reign over the Kievan Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital in 969 from Kiev (modern-day Ukraine) to Pereyaslavets (identified as the modern village of Nufăru, Romania) on the Danube. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in ambush, his conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his three sons, resulting in two of them being killed.

The Primary Chronicle records Sviatoslav as the first ruler of the Kievan Rus' with a name of Slavic origin (as opposed to his predecessors, whose names had Old Norse forms). The name Sviatoslav, however, is not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries. Nevertheless, Sveinald is the Old East Norse cognate with the Slavic form as attested in the Old East Norse patronymic of Sviatoslav's son Vladimir: Valdamarr Sveinaldsson. This patronymic naming convention continues in Icelandic and in East Slavic languages. Even in Rus', it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik, as were the names of Sviatoslav's immediate successors: Vladimir, Yaroslav, and Mstislav. Some scholars see the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", as an artificial derivation combining the names of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (whose names mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).

Virtually nothing is known about Sviatoslav's childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 945, and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). Sviatoslav was tutored by a Varangian named Asmud. The tradition of employing Varangian tutors for the sons of ruling princes survived well into the 11th century. Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his druzhina (roughly, "company") in permanent warfare against neighboring states. According to the Primary Chronicle, he carried on his expeditions neither wagons nor kettles, and he boiled no meat, rather cutting off small strips of horseflesh, game, or beef to eat after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, rather spreading out a horse-blanket under him and setting his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise.

Sviatoslav's appearance has been described very clearly by Leo the Deacon, who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with John I Tzimiskes. Following Deacon's memories, Sviatoslav was a blue-eyed man of average height but of stalwart build, much more sturdy than Tzimiskes. He shaved his blond head and his beard but wore a bushy mustache and a sidelock as a sign of his nobility. He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men, although he had a lot in common with his warriors. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a carbuncle and two pearls.

Sviatoslav's mother, Olga, converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 957, at the approximate age of 67. However, Sviatoslav remained a pagan all of his life. In the treaty of 971 between Sviatoslav and the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes, the Rus' are swearing by Perun and Veles. According to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors (druzhina) would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian. The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.

Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that he was not the only (or the eldest) son of his parents. The Russo-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. The fact that Predslava was Oleg's mother is presented by Vasily Tatishchev. He also speculated that Predslava was of a Hungarian nobility. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. Another chronicle told that Oleg (? - 944?) was the eldest son of Igor. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child, and he was raised by his mother or under her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.

Sviatoslav had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg. By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins, Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus' to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.

Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand Rus' control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region. His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe. The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.

Sviatoslav began by rallying the East Slavic vassal tribes of the Khazars to his cause. Those who would not join him, such as the Vyatichs, were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus' rather than to the Khazars. According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic: "хощю на вы ити") This phrase is used in modern Russian (usually misquoted as "Иду на вы") and in modern Ukrainian ("Іду на ви") to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions. Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers, he attacked Volga Bulgaria. He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the superior cavalry of the Khazars and Bulgars.

Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, possibly sacking (but not occupying) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea as well. At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel"). He subsequently destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch." The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.

Although Ibn Haukal reports the sack of Samandar by Sviatoslav, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience. Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region. The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.

he annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944. Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.

In 967 or 968, Nikephoros sent to Sviatoslav his agent, Kalokyros, with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria. Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.

Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich, and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.

Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and his mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus' furs, wax, honey, and slaves".

Pursuit of Sviatoslav's warriors by the Byzantine army, a miniature from 11th century chronicles of John Skylitzes. In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating Thrace, capturing the city of Philippopolis, and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.

John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav into leaving Bulgaria, but he was unsuccessful. Challenging the Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople, causing panic on the streets of Constantinople in summer 970. Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Skleros, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis. Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus' were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.

Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon, which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty-five days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea, and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna, reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle. While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.

Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs. According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper rapids, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan.

Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions between his sons grew. A war broke out between his legitimate sons, Oleg and Yaropolk, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg's fate and went to Scandinavia, where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980. Yaropolk was killed, and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.

Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constantinople. Russia's southward expansion and the imperialistic ventures of Catherine II in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.

Interest in Sviatoslav's career increased in the 19th century. Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with Emperor John in his well-known painting, while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century. Sviatoslav appears in the 1913 poem of Velimir Khlebnikov Written before the war (#70. Написанное до войны) as an epitome of militant Slavdom:

Sviatoslav is the villain of the novel The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars, by Samuel Gordon, a fictionalised account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti.

In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David and Kolovrat. This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism. The Press Centre of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions." When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.

Sviatoslav is the main character of the books "Knyaz" ("Князь") and "The Hero" ("Герой"), written by Russian writer Alexander Mazin.

On 7 November 2011, a Ukrainian fisherman found a one metre long sword in the waters of the Dnieper on Khortytsia near where Sviatoslav is believed to have been killed in 972. The handle is made out of four different metals including gold and silver, and could possibly have belonged to Sviatoslav himself.

Vsevolod was especially annoyed by the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav, who lived a life full of adventures and adventures. Among the Rurikovichs he was a black sheep: he who brought troubles and grief to everyone was called "Gorislavich". For a long time he did not want peace with his relatives, in 1096, in the struggle for inheritance, he killed the son of Monomakh Izyaslav, but then he was defeated himself. After that, the rebellious prince agreed to come to the Lyubech congress of princes.

This congress was organized by the then appanage prince Vladimir Monomakh, who better than others understood the disastrous strife for Russia. In 1097, close relatives - Russian princes - met on the banks of the Dnieper, they divided the lands, kissed the cross as a sign of loyalty to this agreement: "Let the Russian land be a common ... fatherland, and whoever rebelles against his brother, we will all rebel against him." But immediately after Lyubech, one of the princes Vasilko was blinded by another prince - Svyatopolk. Mistrust and anger reigned in the family of princes again.

Святосла́в І́горович (ймовірно, близько 938 — березень 972) — руський князь-варяг із династії Рюриковичів. Великий князь київський (945—972). Єдиний син київського князя Ігоря і княгині Ольги. Після загибелі батька перебував під регентством матері (945—964). Ставши самостійним правителем, проводив активну зовнішню політик

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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.

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Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia Gonçalo ★Bisabuelo n°20M★ Ref: TD-1000 |•••► #PORTUGAL 🏆🇵🇹★ #Genealogía #Genealogy

20° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Gonçalo Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia is your 20th great grandfather.

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Gonçalo Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia is your 20th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→ Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz

her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna

her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate

her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra

his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina

her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza

his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique

her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza

her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna

her mother → Fernando Mathé de Luna

her father → Estefanía Rodríguez de Ceballos, señora de Vado de las Estacas y Villalba

his mother → Ruy / Rodrigo González de Ceballos

her father → Gonzalo Díaz de Ceballos y Ordóñez

his father → Diego Ruiz de Ceballos y González Girón

his father → Teresa González Girón

his mother → Sancha Rodríguez de Lara

her mother → D. Rodrigo Rodríguez de Lara, señor de Peñalba, Quintanilla y Traspinedo

her father → D. Rodrigo González de Lara, señor de Lara y Liabana

his father → Gonzalo Núñez, Primer señor de la Casa de Lara

his father → Hermesenda (Munia) González de Amaya

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Gonçalo Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia MP

Spanish: Dn. Gonzalo Trastamires da Maia , II Senhor de Maia, 2º senhor da Maia

Gender: Male

Birth: circa 1000

Portugal

Death: September 01, 1039 (34-43)

Maia, Porto, Portugal

Immediate Family:

Son of Trastamiro Aboazar, 1º senhor da Maia and Dórdia Soares

Husband of Unisco Sisnandes

Father of Mendo Gonçalves, 3º senhor da Maia; Hermesenda (Munia) González de Amaya; Gontinha Gonçalves da Maia; Trastamiro Hermigio Alboazar; Monina de Maya and 2 others

Added by: Aníbal F. Montealegre García on December 1, 2007

Managed by: Ric Dickinson, Geni Curator and 38 others

Curated by: Lúcia Pilla

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Aboutedit | history

Gonçalo Trastamires, 2º senhor da Maia

c. 1000 + Maia 01.09.1039

Tomó el apellido de Maya por ser de la tierra de ese nombre, la que antíguamente abarcaba entre los ríos Duero y Limia. Vivió en tiempo de los reyes Don Alfonso V de León, y don Alfonso VI de Castilla.

Combatió en muchas batallas contra los moros, a quienes tomó la tierra de Maya.

Casó con doña Menda Rodríguez, hija de Rodrigo Vermuis.

Pais

Pai: Trastamiro Aboazar, 1º senhor da Maia * c. 0980

Mãe: Dórdia Soares

Casamentos

Unisco Sisnandes * c. 1000

Filhos

Mendo Gonçalves, 3º senhor da Maia * c. 1020 Ledegúndia Soares Tainha

Rui Gonçalves da Maia

in: Geneall.pt <http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=42212>

Felgueiras Gaio - Araújos §1 N4

Gonçalo Trastamires da Maia Rico-homem/ Senhor Senhor da Casa da Maia Reinado ? - 1038.Tenente régio.Reinado Maia:c.1032-1038. Refoios:c.1032-1038. Faria: :c.1032-1038

Predecessor

Trastamiro Aboazar

Sucessor

Mendo Gonçalves da Maia

Cônjuge

Unisco Fernandes

Descendência

Mendo Gonçalves, Senhor da Maia

Châmoa Gonçalves, Senhora de Sousa

Toda Gonçalves

Ermesenda Gonçalves

Gontrode Gonçalves

Nome completo Gonçalo Trastamires da Maia Nascimento c.1000? Morte 1 de setembro de 1038 São Pedro de Avioso, Maia, Porto

Pai

Trastamiro Aboazar

Mãe

Dórdia Soares

Religião

Catolicismo romano

Gonçalo Trastamires da Maia (também grafado Trastamariz) (ca. 1000 - Avioso, Maia, 1 de Setembro de 1038) foi um notável prócer dos sécs. X-XI, da linhagem dos da Maia. Foi o segundo Senhor desta terra e um dos conquistadores do Castelo de Montemor-o-Velho, a 12 de novembro de 1034, sendo nomeado o seu governador e fronteiro-mor.[1][2]

Biografia

Gonçalo era filho de Trastamiro Aboazar, senhor da Maia, e de Dórdia Soares,[3] irmã de Sarracino Soares[4].

Segundo os livros de linhagens, descenderia por via bastarda da casa real leonesa, uma vez que o Livro Velho de Linhagens atribuía a paternidade de Aboazar, seu avô, a Ramiro II de Leão.

Administração política e gestão de bens pessoais

Por direitos de linhagem, sucedeu ao seu pai na administração das tenências da Maia, Refoios e Faria, provavelmente subordinado aos condes portucalenses Nuno Alvites, a sua esposa Ilduara Mendes e o filho de ambos, Mendo Nunes.

A sua autoridade nestas regiões faz-se notar num documento de 1032, no qual, estando no Mosteiro de Leça do Balio, lhe coube a tarefa de decidir uma questão de haveres entre o Mosteiro de Vacariça e certos indivíduos, leigos e clérigos[4]. Parece ter feito ainda uma doação de certos bens ao Mosteiro de S. Pedro de Ferreira, em Paços de Ferreira[4].

Atividade bélica

Gonçalo, como a maioria da nobreza de então tinha as suas atenções voltadas para a Reconquista cristã, a Sul, e é durante esta empresa que se destaca na tomada do castelo de Montemor-o-Velho aos mouros, a 14 de outubro de 1034[4].

Aproveitando um momento favorável da reconquista, é provável que tenha libertado do jugo mouro não só este castelo, mas também uma série de povoações no litoral entre os rios Vouga e Mondego, deixando porém Coimbra (perdida após a conquista de 987) ainda sob poder mouro. Coimbra seria definitivamente conquistada somente trinta anos depois.[4].

Morte e posteridade

As circunstâncias da sua morte são duvidosas: por um lado, Gonçalo pode ter acabado vítima de uma conspiração moura que terá surgido em Lamego, na sequência da conquista de 1034. Os conspiradores tê-lo-ão cercado e morto no paço senhorial de Avioso, a 1 de setembro de 1038[4]. Por outro, pode ter falecido em combate, a defender o Castro de Santa Maria, de Avioso.[5][6]

Matrimónio e descendência

Gonçalo foi casado com Unisco Fernandes, filha do conde Fernando Dias[a][3] de quem teve a seguinte descendência:

Mendo Gonçalves da Maia,[3] 3.º Senhor da Maia (m.26 de Novembro 1065),[7] casou com Ledegúndia Soares Tainha,[3] filha de Soeiro Godins, "o da Várzea" e de Ledegúndia Tainha.

Toda Gonçalves, a esposa de Paio Gonçalves, descendente do conde Gonçalo Moniz.[2]

Gontrodo Gonçalves, esposa de Honorigo Gonçalves.[8]

Châmoa-Gontinha Gonçalves da Maia, casada com Egas Gomes de Sousa, senhor de Sousa, de Novelas e de Felgueiras. Ermesenda Gonçalves da Maia.

Notas

[a] ^ "...certamente inventado o matrimónio atribuído a Gonçalo Trastemeris da Maia avô do mesmo Soeiro Mendes que, segundo o Conde D. Pedro, ou mais provavelmente do seu refundidor do fim do século XIV, teria casado nada menos do que com uma bisneta de um dos dois lendários juizes de Castela, Laín Calvo. O redactor queria assim ligar a família da Maia a Cid o Campeador." Cfr. Mattoso (1991), pp. 1028-1029.

Referências ↑ Gouveia 1910, p. 14. ↑ Ir para: a b Mattoso 1979, p. 39. ↑ Ir para: a b c d Correia 2008, p. 142. ↑ Ir para: a b c d e f GEPB 1935-57, p. 620, vol.32. ↑ José João da Conceição Gonçalves Mattoso, Obras Completas - 12 vols. Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 2002, vol. 8, pág. 73. ↑ António de Sousa Lara, Vasco de Bettencourt Faria Machado e Universitária Editora, Ascendências Reais de SAR D. Isabel de Herédia, 1ª Edição, Lisboa, 1999, pág. 111. ↑ Gouveia 1910, p. 15. ↑ Fernandes 1984, p. 82.

Bibliografia Fernandes, Armando de Almeida (1984). «Os primeiros documentos de Santa Maria de Salzeda (Ate a morte da Fundadora): Comentários e defesa». Porto: Universidade do Porto. Revista Guimarães (94): 5-115. ISSN 0871-0759. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 18 de outubro de 2013 Texto "volumen VIII" ignorado.)

Correia, Francisco Carvalho (2008). O Mosteiro de Santo Tirso, de 978 a 1588: A silhueta de uma entidade projectada no chao de uma história milenária. Santiago de Compostela: Tese de doutoramento. Facultade de Xeografía e História. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. ISBN 978-8498-8703-81

Gouveia, Mário de (Julho–Dezembro de 2010). «O limiar da tradiçao no moçarabismo conimbricense: os "Anais de Lorvao" e a memoria monástica de frontera (séc. IX-XII) (Tese de Mestrado em História Medieval, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas de Universidade Nova de Lisboa em 2008)». Madrid. Medievalista online (8). ISSN 1646-740X-1240 Verifique |issn= (ajuda). Consultado em 17 de outubro de 2013. Arquivado do original em 5 de agosto de 2016 Texto "editora Instituto de Estudos Medievais" ignorado (ajuda)

Mattoso, José (1991). «A nobreza medieval Portuguesa no contexto peninsular» (PDF). Porto: Universidade do Porto. Revista da Faculdade de Letras: História (III): 1019-1044. ISSN 0871-164X Texto "volumen VIII" i.

Mattoso, José (1970). «A nobreza portucalense dos séculos IX a XI» (PDF). Lisboa: Instituto de alta cultura. Centro de estudos históricos. Anexo à Faculdade de letras da Universidade de Lisboa. Do tempo e da história (III): 35-50. OCLC 490871632. Consultado em 17 de outubro de 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 26 de janeiro de 2012

Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira - 50 vols. , Vários, Editorial Enciclopédia, Lisboa. vol. 16-pg. 887.

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonçalo_Trastamires_da_Maia#endnote_a

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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.

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RANGO HISTORICO

✺- 1000→1 de enero: según un mito historiográfico, en esta fecha amplios sectores de la población europea creyeron que este día sucedería el fin del mundo (apocalipsis milenarista) al cumplirse los mil años del nacimiento de Jesucristo, por lo cual se produjeron disturbios y hubo masivas peregrinaciones hacia Jerusalén para poder morir en Tierra Santa. Actualmente se sabe que no sucedieron tales hechos, cuyo relato se remonta al Renacimiento, siendo popularizado por los historiadores del siglo xix.23456

10 de enero: Muere la emperatriz viuda Masako, emperatriz consorte del difunto emperador Reizei→

→11 de marzo: en Polonia se celebra el Congreso de Gniezno, uno de los eventos más relevantes de la historia de ese país→

→8 de abril: En Japón, Fujiwara no Shoshi es ascendida a emperatriz (Chugu), mientras que en ese mismo momento también había otra emperatriz Fujiwara no Teishi. Esta es la primera vez en toda la Historia de Japón que hay dos emperatrices→

→29 de julio: en las Peñas de Cervera de Burgos, el caudillo musulmán Almanzor vence a la coalición cristiana (navarros, leoneses y castellanos) al mando de Sancho García y de García Gómez, en la batalla de Cervera→

→9 u 11 de septiembre: En la Batalla de Svolder, el rey de Noruega Olaf I fue derrotado por los reyes escandinavos de Dinamarca y Noruega. El rey de Dinamarca, Svend I estableció el dominio danés sobre parte de Noruega. A raíz de este control se fundó la ciudad de Oslo, actual capital de Noruega→

→25 de diciembre: El Reino de Hungría se forma a partir del antiguo Principado de Hungría con la coronación de Esteban I en Esztergom, convirtiéndose además al catolicismo. En los siglos posteriores se convertiría en el poder cultural preeminente en la Europa Central→

→Los siguientes eventos son solo aproximaciones:

Europa

En Noruega, se funda la ciudad de Oslo (fecha tradicional; el aniversario N° 1000 se celebró en el año 2000)→

→En Noruega, los hermanastros Eiríkr Hákonarson y Sveinn Hákonarson son nombrados corregentes→

→Cristiandad

En la Europa Continental, El Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico se establece como potencia dominante. El emperador del Imperio Otón III realizó una peregrinación desde Roma a Aquisgrán y Gniezno, realizando paradas en Ratisbona, Meißen y Magdeburgo. El Congreso de Gniezno fue parte de esta peregrinación. En Roma, Otón construyó la basílica de San Bartolomeo all'Isola, para acoger las reliquias de Bartolomé el Apóstol→

→En el Reino de Francia, Roberto II de Francia, hijo de Hugo Capeto, era el rey de la dinastía de los Capetos. El Imperio Bizantino, que estaba gobernado por la Dinastía Macedonía, se encontraba en una larga y tortuosa guerra contra el Primer Imperio Búlgaro. En el año 1000, los generales bizantinos Teodorocano y Nicéforo Xifias capturaron las antiguas capitales búlgaras de Pliska y Preslav, además de Pereyaslavets, extendiendo el control bizantino sobre la región del noreste del Estado Búlgaro, en Misia y Escitia Menor. Simultáneamente, el Imperio Bizantino estaba resultando esencial para la Cristianización de la Rus de Kiev y otros estados Eslavos medievales→

→En Escandinavia, la cristianización de los Reinos otrora paganos estaba en su fase de desarrollo inicial, con el Alþingi y la Mancomunidad Islandesa abrazando el catolicismo en el año 1000→

→En Gran Bretaña, un unificado Reino de Inglaterra se estaba desarrollando a partir de varios reinos Anglo-sajones→

→El papado se encontraba en un periodo de franca decadencia, conocido actualmente como Saeculum obscurum (Edad Oscura) o Pornocracía (Gobierno de las rameras), unos sucesos que desembocarían en el Cisma de Oriente, la división entre la Iglesia Romana Católica Apostólica occidental y la Iglesia ortodoxa Oriental→

→Sancho III de Navarra se corona como Rey de León y Navarra. La Reconquista estaba realizando algunos avances, pero el Sur de la Península Ibérica sería dominado por el Mundo Islámico aún por algunos siglos más→

→En el Reino de Croacia, el ejército de la República de Venecia liderado por Pietro II Orseolo conquistó la isla de Lastovo→

→El viñedo Château de Goulaine fue fundado en el Reino de Francia→

→Se funda la Archidiócesis de Gniezno, la diócesis de Kołobrzeg, Cracovia y Breslavia. En la primera el primer obispo fue Radim Gaudentius→

→La fundición de campanas fue fundada en Italia, en la Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli→

→Mundo Islámico

El Mundo Islámico se encontraba inmerso en su Era Dorada, aún organizado en califatos, continuó con su dominio de la mano del Califato abasí y el Califato de Córdoba en la Península Ibérica y con las campañas en África e India. En este mismo periodo, Persia se encontraba inmersa en un ciclo de inestabilidad, con varios grupos seccionándose del dominio abasí, el cual el Imperio gaznávida se alzaría como el más poderoso→

→

El Mundo Islámico estaba alcanzando su cenit en cuanto desarrollo científico se refiere. Académicos y científicos importantes florecieron el año 1000, como Abulcasis, Ibn Yunus -publica el tratado de astronomía Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir en El Cairo-, Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Abu Mahmud Joyandí, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu'l-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi y Al-Karaŷí. Entre todos ellos realizaron trabajos, avances y descubrimientos en medicina, matemática, astronomía, física y química. Alrededor de este año, Alhacén escribiría su Libro de Óptica mientras que Avicena, Averroes, Al-Biruni se establerecian como científicos de alto renombre e importancia→

→

Durante este periodo, se produce la migración túrquica que llega a Europa Occidental, con mucha de su población convertida al islam. Las tribus túrquicas que realizaron esta acción fueron los Jázaros, Protobúlgaros y Pechenegos→

→

América

Leif Erikson llega a América, llamándola Vinland, Helluland y Markland, en la moderna Terranova y Labrador canadiense→

→En la región andina comienza un retroceso de las culturas Wari y Tiwanaku, mientras se desarrollan las de Chachapoyas y los chimúes→

→En Mesoamérica, termina el Período Clásico de los mayas con el abandono de las grandes ciudades del Petén como Palenque y Tikal. Chichén Itzá y Uxmal comienzan su actividad constructora. Mitla, principal ciudad zapoteca, Cholula y Tula florecen→

→Los taínos se convierten en la cultura predominante en lo que hoy es Puerto Rico→

→Asia

En China se inventa la pólvora→

→En la actual Bangladés (al este de la India) se funda la ciudad de Daca (actual capital del país)→

→Ferdousí (935-1020) escribe Shāhnāmé (El libro de los reyes). Este cuenta la historia y mitología de Irán desde la creación del mundo hasta el siglo VII→

→En la Japón del período Heian se produce el Escándalo del Palacio, dónde la princesa consorte Yasuko tuvo una aventura. Su medio hermano Michinaga lo investiga secretamente y encuentra la verdad sobre su embarazo. Yasuko debe abandonar el palacio y se refugía en el patrocinio de la emperatriz viuda Senshi→

→Murasaki Shikibu comienza a escribir la Genji Monogatari o Novela de Genji→

→Aproximadamente por estas fechas, Babilonia es abandonada→

→África

El mercado árabe de esclavos comienza a ser un factor importante en la formación de los reinos sajelianos, una franja de mil km de ancho entre el océano Atlántico y el mar Rojo→

→Demografía

La población mundial alcanza los 300 millones. Las ciudades más pobladas de la Tierra son:

Córdoba (Califato de Córdoba): 450 000 habitantes

Kaifeng, Dinastía Song (China): 400 000 h

Constantinopla (Imperio Bizantino): 300 000 h

Angkor, Imperio jemer (Camboya): 200 000 h

Kioto, periodo Heian (Japón): 175 000 h

El Cairo (Califato fatimí): 135 000 h

Bagdad (Dinastía búyida): 125 000 h

Nishapur (Imperio Gaznávida): 125 000 h

Al-Hasa, Cármata (Arabia): 110 000 h

Patán, Dinastía Chaulukya (India): 100 000 h7

Nacimientos

Adalberto de Lorena, duque de Alta Lorena (f. 1048)→

→Roberto I, rey de Inglaterra (f. 1035)

Adalberto de Hamburgo y Bremen, arzobispo de Hamburgo (f.1072)

Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, académico fatimida(f. 1078)

Argiro, comandante bizantino de origen lombardo (f. 1068)→

→Bertoldo II de Carintia, miembro de la casa de la Casa de Zähringen, duque de Carintia y margrave de Verona (f. 1078)

Constantino IX, emperador bizantino (f. 1055)→

→Domingo de Silos, religioso santo español (f. 1073)→

→Egberto de Fulda, abad de la Abadía principesca de Fulda (f. 1058)

Gilberto, conde de Brionne (f. 1040)

Guillermo V de Auvernia, conde de Auvernia (f. 1064)

Guigues I de Albon, noble francés (f. 1070)

Irmgarda de Colonia, condesa de Aspel (f. 1065)

Juan Mauropo, poeta, erudito y escritor bizantino (fecha aproximada) (f. 1090)

Kyiso, rey del Reino de Pagan (f. 1038)

Luisulfo de Lorena, noble germano (f. 1031)

Lý Thái Tông, emperador de la Dinastía Lý (f. 1054)

Mauricio de Pannonhalma, religioso francés benedictino, obispo de Péz (f. 1070)→

→Miguel I Cerulario, religioso bizantino, patriarca de Constantinopla (f. 1059)→

→Otón Bolesławowic, príncipe polaco (f. 1033)

Papa Silvestre III (f. 1063)

Qawam al-Dawla, gobernante Bíyida de Kermán (f. 1028)

Roberto I de Normandía, duque de los normandos. (f.1035)

Roberto de Chaise-Dieu, sacerdote católico y miembro de la Orden de San Benito (f.1067)

Rotho, obispo de Paderborn (f. 1051)

San Duthac, santo patrón de Tain, en Escocia→

→Uta de Ballenstedt, miembro de la casa de Ascania, fue la esposa del margrave Ecardo II de Meissen (f. 1046)

Yi Yuanji, pintor de la dinastía Dinastía Song (f. 1064)

Fallecimientos

Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn Jidr Joyandí, astrónomo y matemático iraní→

→Abu'l Haret Ahmad, Farigunido de Guzgan→

→Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, físico y matemático persa→

→Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, físico persa cristiano→

→Ahmad ibn Fadlan, escritor y viajero árabe→

→Abu Mahmud Joyandí, astrónomo y matemático persa→

→Barjawan, eunuco de palacio del Califato fatimí→

→Elfrida, hija del conde Ordgar→

→Fantinus, santo italiano→

→Flaín Muñoz, aristócrata leonés, abuelo paterno del Cid y bisabuelo de la esposa de este→

→García Sánchez II de Pamplona, hijo de Sancho Garcés II Abarca y de la reina Urraca Fernández y rey de Nájera-Pamplona→

→Gosse Ludigman, Podestà de la Provincia de Frisia→

→Huyan Zan, general chino de la Dinastía Song

Ivar de Waterford, caudillo hiberno-nórdico, rey vikingo de Waterford→

→Jacob ibn Jau, fabricante de seda judío-andaluz→

→Malfrida, probable esposa bohemia del gran príncipe de Kiev Vladímir I de Kiev→

→Manfredo I de Turín, segundo marqués Arduinida de Susa →

→Olaf I, rey noruego, muerto en la Batalla de Svolder→

→Princesa Masako, princesa consorte japonesa→

→Minamoto no Shigeyuki, poeta japonés→

→Ramwod, abad de la abadía de San Emerano en Ratisbona→

→Shahriyar III, decimosexto gobernante de la dinastía Bavand→

→Tyra Haraldsdatter, princesa de Dinamarca y reina consorte de Noruega→

→Ukhtanes de Sebastia, historiador y prelado armenio→

→Yehudah Ben David Hayyug, lingüista judío-marroquí

→ Nace: Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia Gonçalo es Bisabuelo n°20M de Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo

✺- 1005→Kazán, fundación de la ciudad→

→Malcolm II sucede a Kenneth III como rey de Escocia→

→Pomerania se subleva contra la iglesia→

→Schaffhausen empieza a acuñar sus propias monedas.

✺- 1010→Europa

Destrucción de Medina Azahara, a las afueras de Córdoba→

→Restauración de Hisham II en el Califato Omeya de Córdoba, sucediendo a Muhammad II al-Mahdi→

→Fundación de la ciudad de Yaroslavl→

Asia

Se establece en Vietnam la Dinastía Lý y la capital se desplaza a Hanói→

→El poeta persa Ferdousí termina de escribir Shahnameh→

América

El explorador vikingo Thorfinn Karlsefni funda un asentamiento en Norteamérica (fecha aproximada)→

África

La superficie del río Nilo se congela.1

✺- 1015→Agosto: Canuto II de Dinamarca invade Inglaterra→

→Los Berserkers son prohibidos en Noruega→

→Olaf Haraldsson se convierte en rey de Noruega→

→Sviatopolk sucede a Vladimir como príncipe de Kiev.

✺- 1020→febrero-marzo:1 en el Califato fatimí (Egipto), los nativos de Fustat se enfrentan a una coalición turco-berebere. Los esclavos negros prenden fuego la ciudad por tres días. Este evento es parte de una serie de rebeliones que debilitan severamente la autoridad de los fatimís→

→15 de abril: un terremoto devasta Roma durante las festividades del Viernes Santo. Una agrupación de judíos es acusada como causante del desastre, por lo que son condenados a muerte por el papa Benedicto VIII.2

15 de junio: las fuerzas del Imperio romano de Oriente dirigidas por Basilio Boioanes toman Troia (Italia)→

→17 de junio: el papa Benedicto VIII se reúne con Enrique II del Sacro Imperio en Bamberg y le pide ayuda para recuperar el control del sur de Italia.3

1 de septiembre: Mahmud de Gazni envía a su hijo para conquistar Ġawr, que cae al cabo de una semana.4

Roberto II de Francia funda la ciudad de Saint-Germain-en-Laye→

→Hovhannes-Smbat III asciende al trono de la Armenia Bagrátida→

→Inicia la construcción del Castillo de Habsburgo.

✺- 1025→Se funda el Monasterio de Montserrat, que hoy alberga unos 4000 monjes→

→Constantino VIII es nombrado emperador del Imperio bizantino→

→Miecislao II, es nombrado rey de Polonia.

✺- 1030→Fundación de Tartu en Estonia→

→Fundación de Kaunas en Lituania→

→Georgia y emir de Tiflis se enfrentan a Shaddadids→

→Fin del Califato

✺- 1035→Nace el Reino de Aragón, por la unión de los condados de Aragón, Sobrarbe y Ribagorza en la figura de Ramiro I→

→Comienzo del reinado de Fernando I de León

División del reino de Pamplona

✺- 1040→NACE Alfonso VI de León, rey de León y Castilla. Hijo de Fernando I de León

✺- 1045→El Imperio bizantino conquista Armenia, en la última acción ofensiva en Asia de su historia.

✺- 1050→Concilio de Coyanza→

→Nacimientos

11 de noviembre: Enrique IV del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico→

→Fallecimientos

Zoe Porfirogénita, emperatriz del Imperio bizantino→

→Guido d'Arezzo, inventor de las notas musicales

✺- 1055→Iglesia católica: Víctor II es elegido papa.

→ España cristiana: Diego Flaínez, padre del Cid conquista a Navarra para Castilla los castillos de La Piedra y de Úrbel del Castillo que cerraban el paso a través del valle del alto Úrbel.

✺- 1060→El Cid es nombrado caballero.

✺- 1065→Sancho Ramírez de Aragón conquista Barbastro y contrae matrimonio con Isabel de Urgel, hija de Ermengol III de Urgel.

✺- 1070→Se crea la población de Fucking, Austria, una de las más famosas del mundo debido a su tan peculiar nombre.

✺- 1075→Alfonso VI de León establece la diócesis de Burgos como continuación canónica de la antigua diócesis de Oca→

→

Nacimientos

Lotario II, emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico→

→Orderico Vital, cronista inglés→

→Ramiro II El Monje, rey de Aragón

→ Fallece: Trastamírez, 2º senhor da Maia Gonçalo es Bisabuelo n°20M de Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo

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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.

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