Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Bisabuelo n°29. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Bisabuelo n°29. Mostrar todas las entradas

miércoles, 31 de mayo de 2023

Gaudioso of Suéves ★Bisabuelo n°29★ Ref: GS-0600 |•••► #ESPAÑA 🏆🇪🇸★ #Genealogía #Genealogy


 29 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Gaudioso of Suéves is your 29th great grandfather.


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 (Linea Materna)

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Gaudioso of Suéves is your 29th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→  Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz

her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna

her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate

her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra

his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina

her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza

his mother → Andrés Manuel Ortiz de Urbina y Landaeta, I Marqués de Torrecasa

her father → Manuel Ortiz de Urbina y Márquez de Cañizares

his father → Manuel de Ortiz de Urbina y Suárez

his father → Juan Ortíz de Urbina y Eguíluz

his father → Martín Ortíz de Urbina

his father → Pedro Ortiz de Urbina

his father → Ortún Díaz de Urbina

his father → Diego López

his father → Diego I el Blanco López, III señor de Vizcaya

his father → Lope Díaz Íñiguez, II señor de Vizcaya, IV Conde de Viscaya

his father → Íñigo Lopez Ezquerra, Conde y 1er. señor de Vizcaya

his father → Lope Velázquez, señor de Colindres

his father → Velasco

his father → Iñigo López, V conde de Vizcaya

his father → Lope "El Lindo" Iñiguez, IV conde de Vizcaya

his father → Elvira Bermudez Lainez

his mother → Bermudo Lainez de Castrogeriz

her father → Laín Calvo, Juez de Castilla

his father → Gundesinto de Castrogériz, Conde de Castrogeriz

his father → Singerico de Cantabria, Conde de Castrogeriz (Castroxeriz)

his father → Teodomiro CANTABRIA and Liebana

his father → Gulvira

his mother → Savaricus of Suéves

her father → Gaudioso of Suéves

his father

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Gaudioso of Suéves 

Gender: Male

Birth: circa 600

Immediate Family:

Son of Eborico, king of the Suevi

Father of Savaricus of Suéves and Ylduara Lucida of Suéves


Added by: D.Álvaro Kenedy da Silva Soares on September 3, 2022

Managed by: D.Álvaro Kenedy da Silva Soares and Humberto Castro

 0 M

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Savaricus of Suéves

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Ylduara Lucida of Suéves

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Eborico, king of the Suevi

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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.


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RANGO HISTORICO


✺- 600→El arado de vertedera es inventado en Europa oriental.


✺- 605→El emperador Yang Guang de la Dinastía Sui ordena que la capital debe ser trasladada desde Chang'an a Luoyang y ordena la construcción del Gran Canal de China.


✺- 610→4 de octubre: Heraclio llega a Constantinopla, vence al emperador bizantino Focas y se le sucede como emperador.


✺- 615→El Imperio bizantino pierde Málaga, que es conquistada por los visigodos.


✺- 620→En el conflicto entre el Imperio bizantino y el sasánida, la ciudad de Ancyra pasa a poder de los persas.


✺- 625→Mahoma empieza a dictar la doctrina que luego recopilaría en el Corán.


✺- 630→Mahoma regresa a La Meca. Queda transformada en el centro de piedad del mundo islámico.


✺- 635→El nestorianismo llega a China.


✺- 640→El nestorianismo llega a China.


✺- 645→Quema de la biblioteca imperial de Japón, en la era Asuka.


✺- 650→Conquista de Persia por los árabes.


✺- 655→15 de noviembre: Batalla de Winwaed, entre Penda de Mercia y Oswiu de Northumbria, que concluye con la derrota de Mercia y la muerte de su rey.


✺- 660→Fin del Califato Perfecto. Los Omeyas ascienden al poder, en el Califato de Damasco. División entre suníes y chiíes.


✺- 665→16 de abril: Fructuoso de Braga, monje y obispo visigodo, venerado como santo.


✺- 670→Mesoamérica: fundación de Colhuacan en el valle de Anáhuac, de acuerdo con la crónica de Chimalpahin.


✺- 675→Se lleva a cabo el IX Concilio de Toledo.



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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.


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a

domingo, 16 de abril de 2023

Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace ♛★Bisabuelo n°29★ Ref: CM-0676 |•••► #BELGICA 🏆 🇧🇪 #Genealogía #Genealogy



29 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Charles Martel is your 29th great grandfather.

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 (Linea Materna)
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Charles Martel is your 29th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→  Morella Álamo Borges
your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz
her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna
her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate
her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra
his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina
her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza
his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique
her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza
her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna
her mother → Mayor de Mendoza Manzanedo
her mother → Juan Fernández De Mendoza Y Manuel
her father → Sancha Manuel
his mother → Sancho Manuel de Villena Castañeda, señor del Infantado y Carrión de los Céspedes
her father → Manuel de Castilla, señor de Escalona
his father → Elizabeth of Swabia
his mother → Philipp von Schwaben
her father → Friedrich I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
his father → Judith of Bavaria
his mother → Henry IX the black, duke of Bavaria
her father → Judith of Flanders
his mother → Baldwin IV the Bearded, count of Flanders
her father → Rozala of Italy
his mother → Berengar II of Ivrea, king of Italy
her father → Gisela of Friuli
his mother → Berengar I, emperor of the Romans
her father → Giséle of Cysoing
his mother → Louis I, The Pious
her father → Charlemagne
his father → Pépin III, King of the Franks
his father → Charles Martel
his father

jueves, 16 de marzo de 2023

Hnabi Duke of the Alemannians ★Bisabuelo n°29★ Ref: DA-0710 |•••► #ALEMANIA 🏆🇩🇪★ #Genealogía #Genealogy

29 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Hnabi, Duke of the Alemannians is your 29th great grandfather.


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 (Linea Materna)

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Hnabi, Duke of the Alemannians is your 29th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→  Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz

her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna

her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate

her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra

his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina

her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza

his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique

her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza

her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna

her mother → Fernando Mathé de Luna

her father → Estefanía Rodríguez de Ceballos, señora de Vado de las Estacas y Villalba

his mother → Ruy / Rodrigo González de Ceballos

her father → Gonzalo Díaz de Ceballos y Ordóñez

his father → Diego Ruiz de Ceballos y González Girón

his father → Teresa González Girón

his mother → Sancha Rodríguez de Lara

her mother → Elvira García de Azagra

her mother → Toda López de Alagón

her mother → María de Pallars Sobirá

her mother → Lucie de La Marche

her mother → Bernard I, comte de la Marche

her father → Audebert I, comte de la Marche

his father → Emma de Périgord

his mother → Guillaume I, count of Périgord

her father → Wulgrin, count of Angoulême

his father → Wulfhard, count of Flavigny

his father → Udalrich II, Graf im Breisgau

his father → Udalrich I of Vinsgau, Count of Argengau Pannonien of Breisgau of Bodensee, de Flavigny-sur-Ozerain

his father → Emma, of Alemannia, Duchess of Swabia

his mother → Hnabi, Duke of the Alemannians

her fatherConsistency CheckShow short path | Share this path

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Hnabi, Duke of the Alemannians is your 24th great grandmother's husband's 6th great grandfather.


Hnabi, Herzog der Alemannen  MP 

Gender: Male 

Birth: circa 710

Alemannia (present Baden-Württemberg), Frankish Empire (present Germany) 

Death: circa 788 (69-86)

Alemannia (present Baden-Württemberg), Carolingian Empire (present Germany) 

Place of Burial: Germany

Immediate Family:

Son of Huoching of the Alemannians and Wife of Huoching

Husband of Unknown partner and Hereswintha of the Saxons

Father of Theutbold II, Duke of the Alemannians; Robert von Hegau; Emma, of Alemannia, Duchess of Swabia and Gerswinde von Alemannien

Brother of Gerold von Vinzgau; Berthold and Ara of the Alemannians


Added by: Virginia Lea Sooy on April 10, 2007

Managed by: Daniel Dupree Walton and 271 others

Curated by: Ben M. Angel, still catching up

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English (default) edit | history

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SWABIA.htm#ImmaMGeroldUdalrichinger


Ben M. Angel's summary:


Relationships:


Parents:


Father: Huoching, Alemannian nobleman

Mother: Unknown

Siblings:


None noted.

Spouse:


Hereswind (Hereswintha, Hereswint)

Children:


1. Ruodpert (Robert), Graf im Hegau (770-785)

2. Imma (Emma), wife of Gerald, Graf von Anglachgau (d. 784/786)

Basic information and justifications:


Birth: 710/715 according to German Wikipedia. Birth can be presumed to be in Alemmania, but there is a question about whether his father comes from the region or from the area around the Moselle (apparently from onomastics).

Death: 785/788 according to German Wikipedia (though uncertain of source on that - according to FMG, his son died in 785 and his grandson died in 788) - Death can be presumed to be in Alemmania.

Wedding: Date and location is unknown.

Occupation: Herzog im Alemmania, Dux - note, this is a military title and not an administrative title.

Alternate names: Hnabi, Nebe, and a number of other variations.

From the German Wikipedia page on Hnabi:


http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnabi


Hnabi ( teilweise auch Nebi genannt , * um 710/715 , † 785/788 ) krig alemannischer Herzog.


Er krig der Sohn des Alemannen - Prinzen Huoching , der wiederum ein Sohn des Herzogs Gotfrid krig , der wohl der Familie der Agilolfinger angehörte . Hnabi gehörte um 724 zu Mitbegründern des Klosters Reichenau .


Mit notfartyg Ehefrau Hereswind hatte er mindestens zwei Kinder :


1. Roadbert (Robert I.) , ab 770 Graf im Hegau


2. Imma ∞ Graf Gerold von Anglachgau , † 784/786 , Deren Tochter krig Hildegard (758 - 30. April 783 ) , die Ehefrau Karls des Grossen ( Geroldonen )


Weblinks


Hnabi bei Mittelalter-Genealogie


http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/alamannen_herzoege/hnabi_enkel...


Presumably a Norwegian translation of the English Wikipedia page on Hnabi:


Hnabi eller Nebi (ca 710 - ca 788) var en Alemannic hertig i det åttonde århundradet. Han var son till Huoching och kanske en sonson till hertig Gotfrid , vilket skulle göra honom en ättling till Agilolfing dynasti Bayern. Själv var han grundaren av den "gamla" linjen i Ahalolfings .


Omkring 724 var han en av de gemensamma grundare av klostret Reichenau .


Genom sin hustru Hereswind han lämnade minst två barn , Robert , som var räknas i Hegau och Imma (Emma i Alamannia , död c. 785) , som gifte sig Gerold av Vintzgau och var mor till Erik i Friuli och Hildegard , hustru av Karl den store.


Från www.wikipedia.org på http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnabi


From the English Wikipedia page on Hnabi:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnabi


Hnabi or Nebi (c. 710 – c. 788) was an Alemannic duke in the eighth century. He was a son of Huoching and perhaps a grandson of the duke Gotfrid, which would make him a scion of the Agilolfing dynasty of Bavaria. He was the founder of the "old" line of the Ahalolfings. Around 724 he was one of the joint founders of the monastery of Reichenau.


By his wife Hereswind Hnabi left at least two children, Ruadbert (Rodbert, Robert), who was count (graf) in the Hegau (from 770), and Imma or Emma (died c. 785), who married Gerold of Vintzgau and was the mother of Eric of Friuli and Hildegard (758-783), wife of Charlemagne. Rodbert son of Hnabi is mentioned in a St. Gall document dated 770. Imma is mentioned in documents of Lorsch, Fulda and St. Gall between 779 and 804.


The genealogy of Hildegard is recorded in the ninth-century Vita Hiudowici by Thegan of Trier: "the duke Gotfrid begat Huoching, Huoching begat Hnabi, Hnabi begat Emma, Emma herself the most blessed queen Hildegard" (Gotfridus dux genuit Huochingum, Huochingus genuit Nebi, Nebi genuit Immam, Imma vero Hiltigardem beatissimam reginam). Scholars have cast doubt on Huoching being the son of Gotfrid, comparing the father-and-son pair of Huoching and Hnabi to that of Hoc and Hnaef in Anglo-Saxon tradition.[1]


Notes


1.^ Hans Jänichen, Die alemannischen Fürsten Nebi und Berthold und ihre Beziehungen zu den Klöstern St. Gallen und Reichenau, Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte (1976), pp. 30-40.


References


Hnabi at Mittelalter-Genealogie


http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/alamannen_herzoege/hnabi_enkel...


From the Wikipedia page on the Ahalolfings:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahalolfings


The Ahalolfings or Alaholfings were a noble family of Alemannia in the Early Middle Ages. The family rose in the Carolingian Empire to possess lands in not only Alemannia, but Bavaria, Franconia, and Italy. Their original power base was around the upper Neckar and Danube rivers.


The Ahalolfings are divided into two groups, the older and the younger. It is not certain how the two groups are related.


The older group descends from a Berthold who was the joint founder, with Hnabi, of Reichenau Abbey in 724. His most famous descendant was Cadolah, Duke of Friuli, who defended the Pannonian plains into Italy from the Avars.


The younger branch of the family itself contains two branches. Richardis, the empress of Charles the Fat, descends from Erchanger. Her sister married Berthold I and was the mother of the other branch of the family, which included the famous Erchanger, Duke of Swabia, and his brother Berthold II. The Ahalolfings died out when Berthold III died in 973, though the Zähringen may be descended from them.


Sources


Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.


From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Swabia:


http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SWABIA.htm#ImmaMGeroldUdalrichinger


Chapter 1. DUKES of ALEMANNIA


The territory of Alemannia was invaded by the Merovingian Franks but was able to preserve semi-autonomy. The dukes of Alemannia were finally vanquished by Pippin III who placed Alemannia in the hands of Counts Ruthard and Warin[6]. After the death of Charles "Martel", the territory rebelled against the Franks, but maior domus Carloman laid waste to Alemannia in 742[7]. The family relationship between the early dukes of Alemannia has not been confirmed by the primary sources so far consulted. The Alemannian dukes are frequently referred to as "Etichonen". Any connection between them and the Etichonen noble family in Alsace has not yet been identified.


GOTTFRIED (-709). Duke of Alamannia. "Godafridus dux" donated "Biberburg um vicum ad Neccarum" to the monastery of St Gallen by charter dated 708[15]. The Annales Alammanici record the death of "Gotefrid" in 709[16].


m ---. The name of Gottfried's wife is not known. Gottfried & his wife had three children:


1. LANTFRID (-730, 741 or 751). Duke of Alamannia.


2. HUOCHING (see below)


3. THEOTBALD (-after 745). Rebelled in 745 against Pepin III, sought refuge with "Odilonis" Duke of Bavaria.


HUOCHING . Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Gotefridus dux" as father of "Huochingus"[21].


m ---. The name of Huoching's wife is not known.


Huoching & his wife had one child:


1. NEBE [Hnabi] . "Nebe" son of "Huochingus" is named by Thegan[22].


m HERESWINT, daughter of --- & his wife [Williswint] ---. Hereswint is named as wife of Nebe[23].


Nebe & his wife had two children:


1. RUODPERT [Robert] (-[785]). (The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.)


2. IMMA . "Imma" daughter of "Nebe" is named by Thegan[27]. Her marriage is suggested by Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris which names "Hildigardam [wife of Charles I King of the Franks] quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was Imma's daughter[28]. The Annales Alamannici record the death in 798 of "Imma"[29].


m GEROLD Graf im Kraichgau [Udalrichinger], son of ---.


References:


[6] McKitterick, R. (1983) Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987 (Longman, London and New York), p. 43.


[7] RFA 742, p. 37.


[15] Württembergisches Urkundenbuch I, 2, p. 2.


[16] Annales Alammanici 709 (710), MGH SS I, p. 22.


[17] Annales Petaviani 730, MGH SS I, p. 9.


[18] Lex Alamannorum temporibus Lantfridi renovata, MGH LL 3, V, p. 85. .


[19] Annales Alammanici 730, MGH SS I, p. 24.


[20] Annales Moselleni 751, MGH SS XVI, p. 495.


[21] Thegani, Vita Hludowici Imperatoris, MGH SS II, p. 590.


[22] Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 2, MGH SS II, p. 591.


[23] Codex Laureshamensis, no. 2101, cited in Jackman, p. 128.


[27] Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 2, MGH SS II, p. 591.


[28] Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 2, MGH SS II, p. 590-1.


[29] Annales Alamannici 798, MGH SS I, p. 48.


According to Euratlas Online Historical Atlas of Europe:


http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/700/700_Northwest.html


The territory of Alamannia in 700 AD corresponds with present Baden-Wurttemberg (Germany), northern Switzerland, and western Tyrol (Austria).


From the 2002 Mittel Alter Genealogie page for Hnabi by Karl-Heinze Schreiber (with admittedly poor translation into English):


http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/alamannen_herzoege/hnabi_enkel...


Hnabi


um 710/15 -785/88


Sohn des Huoching und Enkel des Herzogs Gotfrid


(Son of Huoching and grandson of Duke Gotfrid)


---


Mitterauer Michael: Seite 8


„Karolingische Markgrafen im Südosten“


Hnabi war um 724 Mitbegründer des Klosters Reichenau.


In der neueren Forschung werden allerdings Zweifel an der Richtigkeit dieser Angaben laut. Hnabi ist getrennt von den übrigen als Angehörigen des alemannischen Herzogshauses bezeugten Personen im Reichenauer Verbrüderungsbuch eingetragen. Es erscheint daher fraglich, ob Huoching wirklich ein Sohn Herzog Gotfrids war. Möglicherweise ist aus seinem Namen und dem seines Sohnes Hnabieine Abstammung der Familie aus dem Maas-Mosel-Gebiet zu erschließen. Solange sich jedoch diese Hypothese nicht weiter untermauern läßt, wird an der von Thegan überlieferten Ableitung festgehalten werden müssen. Für sie lassen sich auch einige Argumente aus der Namensbung der Familie erbringen.Hnabi hatten einen Sohn Roadbert, der seit 770 als Graf im Hegau erschien. Chrodebert aber hieß auch einer der alemannischen Stammesherzoge des siebenten Jahrhunderts.


Er erbte von seinem Onkel Odilo das Albisgebiet.


---


In English:


“Carolingian Marquis of the southeast” by Michael Mitterauer: pg. 8


Hnabi was co-founder of the Reichenau Monastery around 724.


According to recent research data, however, there are doubts about this assertion. Hnabi is distinguished from other members of the Alemannic dukes as testified by those registered in the records of the Reichenau Monastery. It is therefore questionable whether Huoching was really a son of Duke Gotfrid.


Perhaps his name and that of his son Hnabi indicate that they are from the Meuse-Moselle region. So long as this hypothesis remains unproven, it becomes necessary to refer to the Thegan traditional descent.


There are some arguments that explain the family name. Hnabi had a son, Roadbert, who was from 770 the Count of Hegau. Chrodebert was also an Alemannic tribal duke in the 7th century.


He inherited the Albis area from his uncle Odilo.


----------------------------------


Borgolte Michael: Seite 184


"Die Grafen Alemanniens"


NEBI


belegt als Verstorbener + vor 769/70/72/73 VIII 9)


Beleg mit comes-Titel: Das Verbrüderungsbuch der Abtei Reichenau 115B5


Belege ohne comes-Titel: Vita Galli confessoris triplex 319 cap. II.10 (Vita s. Galli, ed. Meyer von Knonau 66 cap. 51; Duft, Sankt Otmar 40-43; mit dux-Titel), Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 98 ad a. 724 (mit princeps-Titel), Chronik des Gallus Öhem 9, W I Nr. 57 (= ChLA I Nr. 71), Thegan, Vita Hiudowici 590 f. cap. 2


Literatur:


Stälin, Geschichte I 226,243 - Brandi, Die Reichenauer Urkundenfälschungen 105 - Bauer, Gau und Grafschaft 75f.


Mayer, Die Anfänge der Reichenau 327-339 - Dienemann-Dietrich, Der fränkische Adel 184f.


Siegwart, Zur Frage 235,247, 249-251


Duft, Sankt Otmar 71f.


Lacher, Die Anfänge der Reichenau 114-120


Prinz, Frühes Mönchtum in Südwestdeutschland 71 A. 132,74f.


Behr, Das alemannische Herzogtum 179-186


Jänichen, Nebi und Berthold - Wenskus, Sächsischer Stammesadel 60f.,423,497-500


Walther, Fiskus Bodinan 232-235


Jarnut, Untersuchungen 23-28


Borgolte, Geschichte der Grafschaften Alemanniens, Kap. I


---


In English:


“The Count of Alemannia” by Michael Borgolte: Pg. 184


Nebi


(Documented as deceased before 769/770/772/773 August 9)


Document comes with the title “The Book of the Abbey of Reichenau brotherhood 115B5”


Supporting material comes without title: Vita Galli Confessoris Triplex 319 cap. II.10 (Vita S. Galli, ed. by Meyer von Kronau 66 cap; 51 Duft, Sankt-Otmar 40-43, with title “dux”), Heri Manni Augiensis 98 Chronicon ad a. 724 (prince with titles), history of Gallus Ohem 9, WI 57 (=ChLA I No. 71), Thegan, Vita Hiudowici 590 f. cap. 2


Literature:


Staelin, History I 226.243


Brandi, the Reichenau falsification of documents 105


Bauer, district and county 75f.


Mayer, the Origins of Reichenau 327-339


Dienemann Dietrich, The Frankish Nobility 184f


Siegwart, The Question 235.247, 249-251


Duft, Sankt-Otmar 71f


Lacher, The Origins of Reichenau 114-120


Prince, Early Monasticism in Southwest Germany, 71 A. f. 132.74


Behr, The Alemannic Duchy 179-186


Jaenichen, Nebi and Berthold


Wenskus, Saxon Tribal Nobility 60f, 423, 497-500


Walther, The Bodinan Treasury 232-235


Romance Studies, Studies 23-28


Borgolte, History of the Counties of Alemannia, Chapter I.


---


In der Liste der verstorbenen Wohltäter im Verbrüderungsbuch der Reichenau hat eine anlegende HandNebi comis unter Grafen eingetragen, die in der zweiten Hälfte des 8. und am Beginn des 9. Jahrhunderts urkundlich nachgewiesen sind (Ruthard, Warin, Scopo, Chancor, Isanbard). Für die nähere Bestimmung Nebis ist besonders wichtig, dass auf ihnRuadb(er)t comisfolgt (115B5; vgl. auch Art. Gerold I). Diese Namensequenz findet nämlich eine Entsprechung in der St. Galler Traditionsurkunde, die Rotbertus comes, filius Hnabi condam, ausgestellt hat (W I Nr. 57). Wenn der Vater Ruadberts (I), wie die Forschung wohl zurecht annimmt, mit Nebiidentisch war, muß dieser am 9. August 769,770,772 oder 773 bereits verstorben gewesen sein. Nebiglaubt man, auch mit jenemNebi/Nebe gleichsetzen zu können) den Thegans Genealogie der Königin Hildegart als Großvater der zweiten Gemahlin KARLS DES GROSSEN, Vater der Imma, aufführt. Tatsächlich ist auch diese Identifikation gerechtfertigt, da Ruadbert (I) neben den als Söhne der Immaund Brüder Hildegardsbelegten Grafen Udalrich (I) und Gerold (II) auch im Anlageeintrag des St. Galler Gedenkbuches stehen dürfte. Nebi war also mütterlicherseits der Urgroßvater LUDWIGS DES FROMMEN.


Thegan leitet Nebi über Huoching von dux Gotefridus ab; Hildegart wäre somit eine Nachfahrin des alemannischen Herzogs Gottfried gewesen. Gegen diese Version der Herkunft Hildegarts hat Mayer darauf hingewiesen, dass Nebi im Reichenauer Verbrüderungsbuch nicht in der Umgebung der altalemannischen Herzogsfamilie (115B1-2), sondern unter karolinger-zeitlichen Grafen, und zwar keineswegs an hervorragendem Platz, eingetragen sei (vgl. aber jetzt Jarnut 26).


Etwa zur selben Zeit, zu der der Trierer Chorbischof seine Biographie des zweiten Kaisers auskarolingischem Hause verfaßte, überarbeitete Walahfrid Strabo die Miracula des hl. Gallus. Die Vorlagen Walahfrids sind verloren, so dass die Zutaten des Reichenauer Mönchs und Hofgelehrten nicht mehr mit Sicherheit zu ermitteln sind. Von der Neugründung St. Gallens (um 719) erzählt Walahfrid, dass Waldram von dem comes Viktor von Chur den Priester Otmar erbeten habe, dem er die Galluszelle übertragen wollte. Als dies geschehen war, soll Waldram auf den Rat ducis nomine Nebi zu Karl Martell gezogen sein und diesem die Zelle proprietatis iure übergeben haben. Der princeps Karl habe auf Waldrams Bitte hin dem Otmar St. Gallen anvertraut und diesen beauftragt, dort ein reguläres (Mönchs-)Leben einzurichten (Vita Galli confessoris triplex 319). Diese Schilderung der Anfänge des Otmarsklosters ähnelt dem Bericht, den Hermann der Lahme im 11. Jahrhundert von der Gründung der Reichenau gibt. Zum Jahr 724 heißt es in Hermanns Weltchronik: Sanctus Pirminius abbas et chorepiscopus a Berhtoldo et Nebi principibus ad Karolum ductus, Augiaeque insulae ab eo praefectus, serpentes inde fugavit, et coenobialem inibi vitam instituit annis 3 (Herimanni Augiensis Chranicon 98; vgl. Chronik des Gallus Öhem 9).


Bei der Beurteilung der beiden Erzählungen wird man feststellen können, dass mit dem dux bzw.princeps Nebi sicherlich Nebi gemeint war. Der Name ist, zumindest in Alemannien, sehr selten, und eine Aktivität Nebis im Bodenseegebiet um 720 läßt sich mit dem urkundlichen Zeugnis aus St. Gallen und mit dem Gedenkbucheintrag aus Reichenau durchaus vereinbaren. Das heißt jedoch noch nicht, dass die Nebizugeschriebene Rolle bei den Klostergründungen gesichert wäre. In seine Kritik Thegans hat Mayer auch Walahfrid einbezogen und auf mögliche Kontakte beider Autoren am KARLS-Hof hingewiesen. Hier kann man Mayer, aber nicht vollständig folgen. Zwar fällt auf, dass Walahfrid Nebials dux bezeichnet, doch laßt sich Mayers Annahme, der Reichenauer sei von Thegan der möglichen Tendenz nach abhängig, nicht beweisen. Walahfrids Werk, das 833/34 entstanden sein soll (Krusch, Vita Galli confessoris triplex 234), hat zumindest die Priorität gegenüber Thegans Vita (um 837/38, s. Wattenbach-Levison-Löwe III 333). Außerdem darf man nicht übersehen, dass die Miracula s. Galli nicht für den Hof bestimmt waren und Walahfrid Nebis Namen jedenfalls nicht explizit mit Hildegart in Verbindung bringt. Man muß deshalb wohl die Möglichkeit offenhalten, dass Nebi, wenn auch vielleicht nicht als dux, doch mit Otmar zu tun gehabt hat (vgl. auch Duft und zuletzt Jarnut 26f.).


Dagegen darf man wohl Prinz (vgl. Brandi) gegen Mayer (339) zustimmen, dass Hermanns Zeugnis über NebisBeteiligung an der Gründung Reichenaus kaum verläßlich erscheint. Mit Recht hat Prinz darauf hingewiesen, dass Hermann mit dieser Tradition in Reichenau allein steht (s.a. Art. Bertold I) und die Anklänge an die Miracula S. Galli auf literarische Abhängigkeit schließen lassen (anders Jarnut 27).


Trennt man Nebimit Mayer von der Nachkommenschaft Herzog Gottfrieds, dann erhebt sich die Frage, ob er überhaupt alemannischer Abstammung war. In diesem Sinne hat Siegwart (249-251) NebisHerkunft aus dem Mittelrheingebiet zu erweisen gesucht. Die Identifikation mit einem in den Lorscher Urkunden mehrfach bezeugten Nebi/Nebo ist aber nicht gelungen. Die Gemahlin dieses Nebi,Herswind, glaubte Siegwart im Reichenauer Verbrüderungsbuch in der Umgebung des alemannischenHerzogs Lantfrid wiederzufinden (115B2: Heresint), doch ließ er dabei unerklärt, weshalb dann hierNebi fehlt. Der von Lacher, (116) angedeutete Ausweg, es sei eben Herswind gewesen, die dem Herzogshaus entstammte, überzeugt nicht; der Widerspruch zu Thegan bleibt dabei bestehen. Vom Namen her haben Dienemann-Dietrich und neuerdings wieder Wenskus (bes. 497-500) Nebiin den Zusammenhang mit dem historischen Geschlecht der NIBELUNGEN gebracht. Jänichen hat zuletzt die Überlieferung von dem Vater-Sohn-Paar Hoc (Hocing) - Hnaef in altenglischen Literaturdenkmälern (Beowulf, Finnsburg-Fragment, Widsid) ausgewertet; er glaubte erweisen zu können, dass Huoching -Nebi das historische Vorbild für die sagenhaften Helden abgegeben hätten.


Welche Aufgaben Nebiim Verfassungsleben Alemanniens wahrgenommen hat, ist ungewiß. Die Tatsache, dass sich sein Sohn Ruadbert (I) um 770 in der alten Herzogsresidenz Überlingen aufhielt, könnte dafür sprechen, dass er hier - als alemannischer Magnat mit oder ohne Herzogsverwandtschaft - vor dem karolingischen Zugriff von ca. 760 Herrschaftsrechte ausgeübt hatte. Auch Ruadberts Besitz im Aitrachtal scheint auf Nebi zurückzugehen (Borgolte). Siegwart (235, 247) hielt Nebi für den Erben herzoglichen Grundbesitzes am Albis, der Nebi von dem Bayern-Herzog Odilo überkommen sein soll.


---


In English:


In the list of deceased benefactors in the fraternity within the book of Reichenau, there is the name Nebi comis, from the second half of the 8th century and the start of the 9th century, according to documentation (Ruthard, Warin, Scopo, Chancor, Isanbard). Of particular importance to Nebi is that Ruadb(er)t comis follows (115B5, Gerold, see also Article I). This refers to a sequence that is the equivalent of the St. Galler traditional ceritificate, Rotbertus comes, filius Hnabi, issued condam (WI 57). If the father of Ruadberts (I), as the research considers to be probably correct, that Nebi was the same person, so this means that on 9 August 773, he had already died, or had done so in 769, 770, 772.


Nebi is believed to be also the same as Nebi/Nebe. The Thegan genealogy of Queen Hildegard, second wife of Charlemagne, lists him as grandfather, father of Imma. In fact, this identification is justified because Ruadbert (I), in addition to the sons of Imma and brothers of Hildegard, included Graf Udalrich (I) and Graf Gerold (II) as affixed in the entry of the St. Galler Memorial Book.


Nebi was also the great grandfather of Ludwig des Frommen (Louis the Pious).


Thegan has Nebi as son of Huoching, who is son of Dux Gotefridus; Hildegart would thus be a descendant of the Alemannic Duke Gottfried. Against this version of the origins of Hildegart, Mayer notes that Nebi, in the Reichanau brotherhood book, is not in the vicinity of the Old Alemannic ducal family (115B1-2), but under the Carolingian counts, and by no means in any extraordinary position at the time (but see also Romanisch Studies 26).


Around the same time, the biography of the Bishop of Trier wrote his biography of the second Carolingian Emperor at his home, the revised Walahfrid Strabo Miracula of St. Gallus. The originals of Walahfrid are lost so that the components of the Court of the Reichanau scholar monk can no longer be safely determined.


From the founding of St. Gallen (c.719) we know that Walahfrid is from the Comes Viktor von Chur, who sought a cell from the priest Otmar when he transferred to Gallus. When this was don, Waldram was on the Ducal council and Nebi was a nomine of Charles Martel, who procured the cell as proprietatis iure. Prince Charles had responded to Waldram’s request, Otmar of St. Gallen and entrusted to his agent to arrange a normal (monastic) life there (Vita Galli confessoris triplex, 319).


This description of the start of Otmars Monastery is similar to the report of Hermann the Lame in the 11th century about the founding of Reichenau. In 724 written in Hermann’s Global Chronicle: Sanctus Pirminius abbas et chorepiscopus a Berhtoldo et Nebi principibus ad Karolum dictus, Augiaeque insulae ab eo praefectus, serpents inde fugavit, et coenobialem inibi vitam instituit annis 3 (Herimanni Augiensis Chranicon 98; vgl. Chronik de Gallus Ohem 9).


In assessing the two stories, one finds that the dux or prince Nebi are the same Nebi. The name is, at least in Alemannia, very rare, and Nebi acting in the Lake Constance area in 720 leaves us with documentary testimony of St. Gallen and in the memorial book entry from Reichanau that agree entirely. This does not mean that the ascribed role of Nebi in the monastery being founded is secured. In his criticism of Thegan, Mayer also has Walahfrid involved as possible contacts with Charlemagne’s Court. Here Mayer does not follow completely.


Although it is striking that Walahfrid calls Nebi Dux, Mayers does not assume from Reichenau that there is a possible tendency of Thegan not to be dependable. Walahfrid’s work was allegedly created in 833/834 (Krusch, Vita Galli confessoris triplex 234), and at least has priority of Thegan Vita (about 837/838, s. Wattenbach-Levison-Lowe III, 333).


One should never overlook that the Miracula s. Galli is not for the Court to determine, and Walafrid notes that Nebis name is not explicitly connected to Hildegard. One must therefore keep open the possibility that though Nebi is perhaps a dux, he may not have had anything to do with Otmar (see also Duft and Romanisch Studies, 26f).


On the other hand, Prince (see Brandi) may well agree against Mayer (339) that Hermann’s certification of Nebi’s participation in the establishment of Reichenau seems hardly reliable. In this sense, Siegwart (249-251) sought to prove that Nebis came from the Middle Rhine region. The identification with Lorsch in documents repeatedly testifying about Nebi/Nebo does not successfully do this.


The wife of Nebi, believed to be Herswind, Siegwart has in Reichenau in an alliance in the vicinity of the Alemannic Duke Lautfrid again (115B2: Heresint), but he leaves it unexplained when then here Nebi is missing.


By Lacher (116) he indicates a way in which Herswind brought the duke to the court, but does not convince those opposed to Thegan. Namely, this is Dienemann Dietrich and more recently Wenskus (esp. 497-500, Nebi, in the context of the historical family Nibelungen).


Jaenichen modifies the tradition of the father-son pair Hoc (Hocing) Hnaef in Old English literary movements (Beowulf, Finnsburg fragment Widsid), believing he could prove that the Huoching-Nebi model for heroes had a historical context.


Which source of Nebi in Alemannia best describes him is uncertain. The fact that his son Ruadbert (I) in 770 was in the old ducal residence of Uberlingen could suggest that he – with or without the ducal family – was the Carolingian representative among the Alemannic people. Also Ruadbert’s possession of Aitrachtal seems to indicate that Nebi returned (Borgolte). Siegwart (235, 247) has Nebi as the heir of ducal estates in Albis, and that Bavarian Duke Odilo eventually succeeds Nebi.


---


oo Hereswind


Kinder:


1. Roadbert (Robert I.)


2. Imma oo Gerold Graf im Kraichgau - 784/86


Literatur:


Borgolte Michael: Die Grafen Alemanniens in merowingischer und karolingischer Zeit. Eine Prosopographie. Jan Thorbecke Verlag Sigmaringen 1986 Seite 69,120,184,216-218,224


Mitterauer Michael: Karolingische Markgrafen im Südosten. Archiv für österreichische Geschichte Band 123. Hermann Böhlaus Nachf./Graz-Wien-Köln 1963 Seite 8 -


From Mark Holmes' research into his family tree:


http://www.rpi.edu/~holmes/Hobbies/Genealogy/ps04/ps04_340.htm


Hnabi was count in the Linzgau in 709, 720, 724 (- "Ancestral Roots..." [Balt., 1992]. 182-3).


References: [AR7],[Weis1]


Unattributed GEDCOM file:


B: Bef. 699


P: Germany


D: 788


General Notes


Occupation: Allemania/Linxgau

Note: Title: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr., 1999

Note: Page: 182-3

Occupation: Duke of Allemania


In English:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnabi


hertig av Allemani


http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00220719&tree=LEO


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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.


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RANGO HISTORICO


✺- 710→Rodrigo, duque de Bética es proclamado rey visigodo; los vitizanos, partidarios de Aquila, llaman en su ayuda a los musulmanes del norte de África.


✺- 715→En Roma (Italia), Gregorio II sucede a Constantino I como papa.


✺- 720→Los Omeyas conquistan la Galia, el gobernador Al-Samh continúa su campaña; hace de Narbona la capital de la Septimania musulmana (sur de Francia), y la utiliza como base para las razzias. El rey Ardón es asesinado, y se convierte en el último gobernante de los reyes visigodos de Hispania. Algunos visigodos se niegan a adoptar la fe islámica, y huyen al norte de Aquitania. Esto marca el final del Reino Visigótico.


✺- 725→Ambasa, valí de Al-Andalus, conquista Carcasona y Nimes.


✺- 730→El emperador León III del Imperio bizantino, ordena la destrucción de todos los iconos. Comienzo del primer periodo iconoclasta.


✺- 735→Epidemia de viruela en Japón.


✺- 740→La Batalla de Akroinon en Anatolia, una significativa victoria bizantina sobre los Omeyas, detiene el ímpetu de los ataques árabes en Anatolia.


✺- 745→Un consejo dirigido por el papa Zacarías acuerdan nombrar a Raphael, Miguel y Gabriel como Arcángeles, pero no es aceptado Uriel.


✺- 750→La peste bubónica empieza a remitir de Europa Occidental.


✺- 755→El rey franco Pipino el Breve, acompañado del Papa Esteban II, cruza los Alpes y derrota a los lombardos de Astolfo, obligándolo a devolver al Ducado de Roma los territorios que habían sido conquistados anteriormente.


✺- 760→NACE Alfonso II, Rey de Asturias. Hijo de Fruela I y de Munia de Álava.


✺- 765→Pipino el Breve restaura los privilegios papales (Donación de Pipino) en los territorios de Benevento y Toscana (y parcialmente en Spoleto).


✺- 770→La reina franca Bertrada acuerda una alianza de su hijo Carlos con el rey lombardo Desiderio gracias al matrimonio del rey franco con Desiderata la hija de éste.


✺- 775→14 de septiembre - El emperador Constantino V fallece mientras está en una campaña en Bulgaria. Su hijo, León IV lo sucede como emperador de Bizancio y prosigue la lucha contra los búlgaros y musulmanes.


✺- 780→Matruh ben Sulayman al-Arabí, valí de Barcelona.


✺- 785→Guerras sajonas: Carlomagno convoca una gran reunión de señores sajones y francos en Paderborn, moviliza su ejército sobre Sajonia hasta el Bajo Elba sin resistencia. El duque Widukind retira sus fuerzas "rebeldes" más allá del Elba pero luego negocia e intercambia rehenes. Carlomagno regresa a su palacio en Attigny (Ardennes), seguido de Widukind, y posteriormente los líderes sajones serían bautizados como cristianos en Navidad.1​ Widukind y la nobleza sajona jura lealtad ante Carlomagno.



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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.


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lunes, 30 de enero de 2023

Sveidi Heytirsson Sea King ★Bisabuelo n°29★ Ref: SH-0514 |•••► #NORUEGA 🏆 🇳🇴 #Genealogía #Genealogy


 29 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King is your 29th great grandfather.


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Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King is your 29th great grandfather.of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→  Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → Belén Eloina Borges Ustáriz

her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna

her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesús Uztáriz y Monserrate

her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra

his mother → Teniente Coronel Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina

her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza

his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique

her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza

her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna

her mother → Mayor de Mendoza Manzanedo

her mother → Juan Fernández De Mendoza Y Manuel

her father → Sancha Manuel

his mother → Sancho Manuel de Villena Castañeda, señor del Infantado y Carrión de los Céspedes

her father → Manuel de Castilla, señor de Escalona

his father → Elizabeth of Swabia

his mother → Philipp von Schwaben, King of Germany

her father → Beatrice of Burgundy

his mother → Reginald III, Count of Burgundy

her father → Stephen I "the Rash" count of Mâcon & Burgundy

his father → William I "the Great" count of Burgundy

his father → Adeliza (Alice) of Normandy, Countess Of Burgundy

his mother → Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy

her father → Richard I, 'the Fearless', Duke of Normandy

his father → William "Longsword"

his father → Gange-Hrólfr 'Rollo' Ragnvaldsson

his father → Ragnvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre

his father → Eystein Ivarsson «the Noisy» Glumra

his father → Ivar Halfdansson, Opplendingejarl

his father → Halfdan "Gamle" Sveidasson

his father → Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King

his father

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Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King is your 18th great grandfather's wife's 8th great grandfather.

You

  → Morella Álamo Borges

your mother → show 28 relatives → Halfdan "Gamle" Sveidasson

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Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King MP 

Norwegian: Sveide Heitesson, Sjøkonge

Gender: Male

Birth: estimated between 514 and 574 

Romsdal, Møre og Romsdal, Norway 

Death: Norway

Place of Burial: Oppland

Immediate Family:

Son of Heytir Gorsson, Sea King and N.N.

Husband of N.N.

Father of Halfdan "Gamle" Sveidasson


Added by: Dean Ronald Tanner, Sr. on May 26, 2007

Managed by: Ric Dickinson and 213 others

Curated by: Harald Tveit Alvestrand

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Un rey del mar (sækonungr) en las sagas nórdicas es generalmente un título dado a un poderoso jefe vikingo, aunque el término rey del mar a veces puede ser anterior a la era vikinga.


La saga Orkneyinga contiene la primera referencia a los reyes del mar. Allí la línea original de 'reyes' de Kvenland (actual Finlandia) termina con el padre de Gor Thorrasson 'Sea King'. La denominación de "Rey del Mar" a nombres posteriores, desde Gor hasta su bisnieto, Sveidi, sugiere que pierden o entregan su herencia como reyes Kven y gobiernan los mares en su lugar, terminando finalmente como señores menores en Noruega. [1]


Los reyes del mar también podían ser jefes noruegos y daneses independientes o nobles, y también reyes de Suecia (como Yngvi y Jorund), o hijos de reyes, como Refil. Sin embargo, también podrían ser hombres "sin techo" como Hjörvard el Ylfing; Tales hombres sin techo podían ser tan poderosos que podían someter a un país y hacerse reyes. Dos ejemplos son Sölve que mató al rey sueco Östen, y Haki que mató al rey sueco Hugleik. Sin embargo, en ambos casos finalmente perdieron debido a la falta de apoyo popular.

links

http://www.norsesaga.no/oppdagelsen-av-norge.html

content to clean up

"Hvorledes Norge ble bygget", http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Om_Fornjot_og_hans_%C3%A6ttemenn._O....

Orkney Saga

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_the_Old

Random private tree: http://www.reardon-family.org/masterged/pafg63.htm#2107

I henhold til Orknøyingenes saga går Ragnvalds Mørejarls ætt langt tilbake: «Heite Gors sønn var far til Sveide sjøkonge, far til Halvdan den gamle, far til Ivar Opplendingejarl, far til Øystein Glumra, far til Ragnvald jarl den mektige og den rådsnare». Den samme sagaen strekker hans ætt tilbake til en mytologisk opprinnelse til skikkelse ved navn Fornjot fra Finland eller Kvenland.


In English:


Heiti, Gorr’s son, was father of Sveiði the sea-king, the father of Halfdan the old, the father of Ivar the Uplanders’ earl, the father of Eystein the noisy, the father of earl Rognvald the mighty and the wise in council


quote from http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm



Documentation of this version of "Svidri Heytsson" is missing. There are online trees:


http://fabpedigree.com/s088/f754874.htm

http://www.royalblood.co.uk/D284/I284379.html

http://durgan.t35.com/d55.htm#P4915 that show a parent named "Ogier", but no source is given.

This conflicts with Sveidi Heytsson that is listed in the "Hversum Norgeg Byggdist", and is the master profile: Sveidi Heytirsson, Sea King. Do not merge.


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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.


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jueves, 17 de octubre de 2019

Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl' ✡★Bisabuelo n°29★ Ref: N -965 |•••► #Tunisia 🇹🇳 #Genealogía #Genealogy

____________________________________________________________________________
29 ° Bisabuelo de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo
____________________________________________________________________________


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Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl' is your 29th great grandfather.You→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→  Enrique Jorge Urdaneta Lecuna
your father → Carlos Urdaneta Carrillo
his father → Enrique Urdaneta Maya, Dr.
his father → Josefa Alcira Maya de la Torre y Rodríguez
his mother → Vicenta Rodríguez Uzcátegui
her mother → María Celsa Uzcátegui Rincón
her mother → Sancho Antonio de Uzcátegui Briceño
her father → Jacobo de Uzcátegui Bohorques
his father → Luisa Jimeno de Bohorques Dávila
his mother → Juan Jimeno de Bohórquez
her father → Luisa Velásquez de Velasco
his mother → Juan Velásquez de Velasco y Montalvo, Gobernador de La Grita
her father → Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
his father → María Enríquez de Acuña
his mother → Inés Enríquez y Quiñones
her mother → Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, 2º Almirante Mayor de Castilla, Conde de Melgar y Rueda
her father → Alonso Enríquez de Castilla, 1er. Almirante Mayor de Castilla, Señor de Medina de Rio Seco
his father → Yonati bat Gedaliah, Paloma
his mother → Gedalia Shlomo ibn ben Shlomo ibn Yaḥyā haZaken
her father → Shlomo ben Yahya ibn Yahya
his father → Yosef ibn Yahya HaZaken
his father → Don Yehuda ibn Yahya ibn Ya'ish
his father → Don Yahya "el Negro"
his father → Yehudah "Ya'ish" ben Yahuda ibn ben Yahudah ibn Yaḥyā, senhor de Aldeia dos Negros
his father → Hayy "Hiyya" ibn Ya'ish ibn Ya'ish ben ben David al-Daudi, HaNasi
his father → David "Ya'ish" ibn Hiyya
his father → Yehudah Hayy "Yahya" ben Hiyya, Nasi, Ra'is b'Rabbanan al-Tulaytula
his father → Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī "Hiyya al-Daudi", Qaḍī of Cordoba & Toledo
his father → Abu Suleiman David ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ ben Yehuda Ibn Ya Ish ben Zakai II ben Zakai II, Nasi, Qāḍī, haDayyan of Toledo
his father → Yehudah "Zakhai" Natan ben Avraham al-Andalusi Nasi, Qadi de Sidonia ben Avraham al-Andalusī, Nasi, Qaḍī of Sidonia
his father → Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl'
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Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl' MP
Gender: Male
Birth: circa 965
al-Mahdiyya, Tunisia
Death: 1053 (84-92)
القاهرة, Egypt
Immediate Family:
Son of 'Nathan HaBabli' ben Abu Ishaq Avraham Nasi, 2nd. Exilarca Mar Uqba HaRofeh, Qadi al-Qayraw ben Abu Ishaq Avraham, Exilarch 'Mar Uqba HaRofeh', Qadi al-Qayrawānī and ??? bat Mevorakh ben Eli
Husband of unknown bat David ben Zakkai Ha Nasi de Bavli bat David ben Zakkai HaNasi of Bavli
Father of Abu Musa Levi bar Ishaq ibn Mar Sahl; Abu Yosef Yakob ben Amram ibn Mar Sahl al-Nag'hdīlah; Yehudah "Zakhai" Natan ben Avraham al-Andalusi Nasi, Qadi de Sidonia ben Avraham al-Andalusī, Nasi, Qaḍī of Sidonia; Abu Sahl Nathan ben Abraham, Nasi and Yosef ben 'Amram, haDayyan of Sijilmasa
Brother of Abu ’l-Hasan ʿAlī ben al-Sh̲aybānī al-Kātib al-Mag̲h̲ribī al-Qayrawānī Ibn Abi ’l-Rid̲j̲āl and ʿAbd Allāh ben Muḥammad al-Manṣūriyya
Added by: Alex Ronald Keith Paz on June 14, 2008
Managed by: Jaim David Harlow, J2b2a1a1a1b3c and 8 others
Curated by: Jaim David Harlow, J2b2a1a1a1b3c
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English (default) history
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn ʿAṭāʾ (Abraham ben Nathan) was leader of Qayrawan Jewry in the first third of the eleventh century. He was a member of a wealthy elite that included the Ben Berekhiah, Tahertī, and Ibn al-Majjānī families. His father, Nathan, may have been a communal official, although this is not clear. He was a major supporter of the academy (bet midrash) in Qayrawan and was also a generous contributor to the Babylonian yeshivot, particularly to the Sura yeshiva, the renewal of which he helped to finance. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ served as court physician to the Zirid amirs Bādis (r. 996–1016) and al-Muʿizz (r. 1016–1062) in al-Mahdiyya.

Due to his access to the ruler, he bore the honorific title rosh kol ha-qehillot (Heb. head of all the congregations). In late 1015, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ received the title of negid ha-gola (Heb. nagid of the exile) from Hay Gaon of the Pumbedita yeshiva. He was the first Diaspora leader to hold this exalted title. According to a letter in the Cairo Geniza (Bodl MS Heb. D 65, f.9), he was on a military campaign with Bādis when word of the title arrived.

Despite his distinguished position at court, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ was publicly insulted while bearing a message from al-Muʿizz to the great Maliki scholar Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī. The latter became furious when he mistook the Jew for a Muslim because he was not wearing the ghiyār badge. The zealous jurist stained the nagid’s turban on the spot to mark him as a dhimmī and sent him packing. When Ibn ʿAṭāʾ sought redress from the ruler, he was rebuffed and told that this was a lesson “showing the power of Islam and the veneration inspired by Muslim scholars.”

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Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn ʿAṭāʾ (Abraham ben Nathan) fue líder de la comunidad judía de Qayrawan en el primer tercio del siglo XI. Era miembro de una élite rica que incluía a las familias Ben Berekhiah, Tahertī e Ibn al-Majjānī. Su padre, Nathan, puede haber sido un funcionario comunal, aunque esto no está claro. Fue un gran defensor de la academia (apuesta midrash) en Qayrawan y también fue un generoso contribuyente al yeshivot babilónico, particularmente al Sura yeshiva, cuya renovación ayudó a financiar. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ se desempeñó como médico de la corte de los emires Zirid Bādis (r. 996-1016) y al-Muʿizz (r. 1016-1062) en al-Mahdiyya.

Debido a su acceso al gobernante, llevaba el título honorífico de rosh kol ha-qehillot (heb. Jefe de todas las congregaciones). A finales de 1015, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ recibió el título de neg-ha-gola (heb. Nagid del exilio) de Hay Gaon de la yeshiva de Pumbedita. Fue el primer líder de la diáspora en tener este título exaltado. Según una carta en el Cairo Geniza (Bodl MS Heb. D 65, f.9), estaba en una campaña militar con Bādis cuando llegó la noticia del título.

A pesar de su distinguida posición en la corte, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ fue insultado públicamente mientras llevaba un mensaje de al-Muʿizz al gran erudito de Maliki Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī. Este último se enfureció cuando confundió al judío con un musulmán porque no llevaba la insignia de ghiyār. El jurista celoso manchó el turbante del nagid en el acto para marcarlo como un dhimmī y lo envió a empacar. Cuando Ibn ʿAṭāʾ buscó reparación del gobernante, fue rechazado y le dijeron que esta era una lección "que muestra el poder del Islam y la veneración inspirada por los eruditos musulmanes".
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Ibn ʿAṭāʾ was honored in a number of Hebrew poems by Isaac Ibn Khalfūn and in a panegyric by Hay Gaon himself. Israel ben Samuel ben Hophni dedicated a book on the laws of prayer to Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, and an unknown author dedicated a philosophical treatise on the divine attributes to him. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ died sometime during the 1030s and was succeeded in the office of nagid by Jacob ben Amram.

Avraham ben Nathan Nagid HaGolei was the first Nagid of Kairouan half-brother of Samuel HaNagid. He was a close personal friend of Nehorai ben Nissim (Gaon of Kairouan). He befriended the son of Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a/k/a Abu Yūsuf Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt[1]); the son's name was Yehuda ben Yosef Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a/k/a Abu Yehuda Yūsuf ben Hasdia Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt[1]) – a/k/a “Judah ben Joseph”. In the Maghreb, the term nagid first came into use in Ifrīqiya (medieval Tunisia). Goitein believed it was originally an honorific bestowed by the Babylonian geonim upon their supporters in Qayrawan rather than an official title. The first person so styled was Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAṭāʾ, court physician to the Zīrīd amirs. Ibrāhīm’s successor, Jacob ben Amram(fl. 1030s–1050s), was also a courtier of the Zīrīds. Neither of these men officially had the status of raʾīs al-yahūd( head of the Jews), as did later Egyptian nagids; the title was not connected to the institution of the negidate that developed in Egypt.

Judah ben Joseph had a business relationship with the “Regent” of the Zirid-Fatimid Empire based in Kairouan; she was sister of Ma‘ādh Abū Tamīm ibn Badis al-Mu‘izz li Dīn Allāh (932 – 975) (her name was Umm al-'Aziz) – she had a fleet of ships she rented to Judah ben Joseph. This gave Judah ben Joseph a competitive advantage over all other shippers in the Mediterranean Basin – he could get his products transported on ships protected by the Fatmid Army and Navy.

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Ibn ʿAṭāʾ fue honrado en varios poemas hebreos por Isaac Ibn Khalfūn y en un panegírico por el propio Hay Gaon. Israel ben Samuel ben Hophni dedicó un libro sobre las leyes de la oración a Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, y un autor desconocido le dedicó un tratado filosófico sobre los atributos divinos. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ murió en algún momento durante la década de 1030 y Jacob ben Amram le sucedió en el oficio de Nagid.

Avraham ben Nathan Nagid HaGolei fue el primer Nagid de Kairouan medio hermano de Samuel HaNagid. Era un amigo personal cercano de Nehorai ben Nissim (Gaon de Kairouan). Se hizo amigo del hijo de Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a / k / a Abu Yūsuf Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt [1]); el nombre del hijo era Yehuda ben Yosef Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a / k / a Abu Yehuda Yūsuf ben Hasdia Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt [1]) - a / k / a “Judah ben Joseph”. En el Magreb, el término nagid se utilizó por primera vez en Ifrīqiya (Túnez medieval). Goitein creía que originalmente era un honorífico otorgado por los geonim babilonios a sus partidarios en Qayrawan en lugar de un título oficial. La primera persona con ese estilo fue Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAṭāʾ, médico de la corte de los emires de Zīrīd. El sucesor de Ibrāhīm, Jacob ben Amram (fl. 1030s-1050s), también fue un cortesano de los Zīrīds. Ninguno de estos hombres tenía oficialmente el estatus de raʾīs al-yahūd (jefe de los judíos), al igual que las nagidas egipcias posteriores; El título no estaba relacionado con la institución de la negociación que se desarrolló en Egipto.

Judah ben Joseph tenía una relación comercial con el "Regente" del Imperio Zirid-Fatimid con sede en Kairouan; ella era hermana de Ma‘ādh Abū Tamīm ibn Badis al-Mu‘izz li Dīn Allāh (932-975) (su nombre era Umm al-'Aziz) - tenía una flota de barcos que alquiló a Judah ben Joseph. Esto le dio a Judah ben Joseph una ventaja competitiva sobre todos los demás cargadores en la cuenca del Mediterráneo: podía transportar sus productos en barcos protegidos por el Ejército y la Armada Fatmid.
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Al-Muʿizz, was the most powerful of the Fāṭimid caliphs, whose armies conquered Egypt and who made the newly founded Al-Qāhirah, or Cairo, his capital in 972–973. He was about 22 years of age when he succeeded his father, al-Mansur, in 953 with the title of al-Muʿizz. His authority was acknowledged over the greater part of the region now comprising Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and he soon took the island of Sicily.

Al-Muʻizz was renowned for his tolerance of other religions, and was popular among his Jewish and Christian subjects. He is also credited for having commissioned the invention of the first fountain pen. In 953, al-Muizz demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir. As recorded by Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (d. 974) in his Kitdb al-Majalis wa 'l-musayardt, al-Mu’izz commissioned the construction of the pen instructing:[2]

‘We wish to construct a pen which can be used for writing without having recourse to an ink-holder and whose ink will be contained inside it. A person can fill it with ink and write whatever he likes. The writer can put it in his sleeve or anywhere he wishes and it will not stain nor will any drop of ink leak out of it. The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write. We are unaware of anyone previously ever constructing (a pen such as this) and an indication of ‘penetrating wisdom’ to whoever contemplates it and realises its exact significance and purpose’. I exclaimed, ‘Is this possible?’ He replied, ‘It is possible if God so wills’.

Nehorai ben Nissim, the son of Nissim ben Jacob in Fostat, was a close business partner with Abu l'Qasim Abd al-Rahman – son of the Caliph of Cordoba. Avraham ben Nathan was not as flamboyant as his older half-brother nor as brilliant. Due to his mis-steps, his history is sparse and fragmentary.

Samuel ben Hofni was the Gaon of Sura, his son after him wrote a book concerning the laws of prayer for “ourt lord and master Nathan, head of the communities and referes to Abraham as “the Banner of the faith and the crown of the nation”.

Avraham played a central role in in organizing the flow of money from Kairouan to the Yeshivot of the East. In order to transfer monies he maintained close contact with the Maghribis who had settled in Fostat (Yakob ibn 'Awkal, his son Yosef ibn 'Awkal, and Abu l'Chayr Musa ben Barhun a/k/a Moshe ben Abraham).

Hai ben Sherira Gaon wrote a poem in honor of Avraham referring to him as “the Nagid of the Nation and head of its sedarim and Master and Minister of all the Jews”.
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Al-Muʿizz, fue el más poderoso de los califas Fāṭimid, cuyos ejércitos conquistaron Egipto y que hicieron de la recién fundada Al-Qāhirah, o El Cairo, su capital en 972–973. Tenía unos 22 años cuando sucedió a su padre, al-Mansur, en 953 con el título de al-Muʿizz. Su autoridad fue reconocida en la mayor parte de la región que ahora comprende Marruecos, Argelia y Túnez, y pronto tomó la isla de Sicilia.

Al-Muʻizz era conocido por su tolerancia a otras religiones, y era popular entre sus súbditos judíos y cristianos. También se le atribuye haber encargado la invención de la primera pluma estilográfica. En 953, al-Muizz exigió un bolígrafo que no manchara sus manos o ropa, y se le proporcionó un bolígrafo que contenía tinta en un depósito. Según lo registrado por Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (muerto en 974) en su Kitdb al-Majalis wa 'l-musayardt, al-Mu’izz encargó la construcción de la pluma instruyendo: [2]

‘Deseamos construir un bolígrafo que pueda usarse para escribir sin tener que recurrir a un titular de tinta y cuya tinta estará contenida dentro de él. Una persona puede llenarlo con tinta y escribir lo que quiera. El escritor puede ponerlo en su manga o en cualquier lugar que desee y no se manchará ni se le escapará una gota de tinta. La tinta fluirá solo cuando haya una intención de escribir. No conocemos a nadie que haya construido anteriormente (un bolígrafo como este) y una indicación de "sabiduría penetrante" para quien lo contemple y se dé cuenta de su significado y propósito exactos. Exclamé: "¿Es esto posible?" Él respondió: "Es posible si Dios así lo quiere".

Nehorai ben Nissim, hijo de Nissim ben Jacob en Fostat, era un socio comercial cercano con Abu l'Qasim Abd al-Rahman, hijo del califa de Córdoba. Abraham Ben Nathan no era tan extravagante como su medio hermano mayor ni tan brillante. Debido a sus errores, su historia es escasa y fragmentaria.

Samuel ben Hofni fue el Gaón de Sura, su hijo después de él escribió un libro sobre las leyes de oración para "nuestro señor y maestro Nathan, jefe de las comunidades y se refiere a Abraham como" el estandarte de la fe y la corona de la nación ".

Abraham desempeñó un papel central en la organización del flujo de dinero desde Kairuán a las Yeshivot del Este. Para transferir dinero mantuvo un contacto cercano con los Maghribis que se habían establecido en Fostat (Yakob ibn 'Awkal, su hijo Yosef ibn' Awkal y Abu l'Chayr Musa ben Barhun a / k / a Moshe ben Abraham).

Hai ben Sherira Gaon escribió un poema en honor a Abraham refiriéndose a él como "el Nagid de la Nación y jefe de sus sedarim y Maestro y Ministro de todos los judíos".
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According to Geniza fragments Avraham was not a modest or humble man but he did manage to calm the anger of his father towards Shmuel HaNagid. Avraham ben Nathan was the first nagid of the Jewish community of Kairouan appointed by Hayya Gaon in 1015 CE. Avraham ben Nathan was also known by his Arabic name Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim ibn Ata, was wealthy, concerned with the welfare of others, a scholar, and a general in the army of the Zirids (successors of the Fatimids).

He was court physician to Badis (Zirid Sultan), the viceroy of Tunisia, and to al-Mu'izz his son and successor. Al-Muizz eventually moves his caliphate headquarters from Kairouan to Mahdia on the Tunisian coast after he loses Kairouan to the Banu Hilal (am Arab Bedouin tribe of Fatimids sent to punish the Zirids for abandoning Shi'ite Islam; while in Tunisia, the Banu Hilal attaked the adjacent Hammadids for abandoning Shi'ism and returning to Maliki Sunni Islam thereby acknowledging the Abassids as rightful Caliphs.

Al-Mu'izz declares independence from the Fatimid Caliphate and later moves to Cairo where Avraham becomes Nagid. His half-brother, Samuel HaNagid, travelled with Habus and Badis to Granada where he ruled the Zirid possessions...leaving Tunisia to the Administration of his younger brother. Abraham did much for the Jewish communities of North Africa and Tyre.

Two poems praising him are known to exist. Isḥāq ibn Khalfon, the court poet, dedicated several of his poems to his benefactor. He was honored in a song of praise by Rav Hai Gaon of Pumbeditha.

Thus begins a family of warrior-scholars – Ibn Yahya

. Abraham Ben Nathan brokers the support of Solomon Ibn Gavirol by Josef Ibn Ferruziel. Please note the Mu'tazilite School of Islam was founded by Abū Ḥudhayfah Wāṣil ibn ‘Aṭā’ was a protégé of the Banū Ḍabbah, or it is also said of the Banū Makhsūm. His birth was at al-Madīnah and he was called al-Ghazzāli because of his frequenting Sūq al-Ghazl in order to become acquainted with the chaste women, to whom he distributed his alms.

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Según los fragmentos de Geniza, Abraham no era un hombre modesto o humilde, pero logró calmar la ira de su padre hacia Shmuel HaNagid. Avraham ben Nathan fue el primer nagid de la comunidad judía de Kairouan nombrada por Hayya Gaon en 1015 CE. Avraham ben Nathan también era conocido por su nombre árabe Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim ibn Ata, era rico, preocupado por el bienestar de los demás, un erudito y un general en el ejército de los ziríes (sucesores de los fatimíes).

Fue médico de la corte de Badis (Zirid Sultan), el virrey de Túnez, y de al-Mu'izz, su hijo y sucesor. Al-Muizz finalmente traslada su cuartel general del califato de Kairouan a Mahdia en la costa tunecina después de perder a Kairouan en el Banu Hilal (soy una tribu beduina árabe de fatimíes enviados a castigar a los zirids por abandonar el Islam chiíta; mientras que en Túnez, el Banu Hilal atacó a los Hammadids adyacentes por abandonar el chiismo y regresar al Islam sunita de Maliki, reconociendo así a los Abassids como legítimos califas.

Al-Mu'izz declara su independencia del califato fatimí y luego se muda a El Cairo, donde Abraham se convierte en Nagid. Su medio hermano, Samuel HaNagid, viajó con Habus y Badis a Granada, donde gobernó las posesiones ziridas ... dejando Túnez a la Administración de su hermano menor. Abraham hizo mucho por las comunidades judías del norte de África y Tiro.

Se sabe que existen dos poemas que lo alaban. Isḥāq ibn Khalfon, el poeta de la corte, dedicó varios de sus poemas a su benefactor. Fue honrado en una canción de alabanza por Rav Hai Gaon de Pumbeditha.

Así comienza una familia de guerreros eruditos - Ibn Yahya

. Abraham Ben Nathan corre el apoyo de Solomon Ibn Gavirol por Josef Ibn Ferruziel. Tenga en cuenta que la Escuela del Islam Mu'tazilite fue fundada por Abū Ḥudhayfah Wāṣil ibn ‘Aṭā’ fue un protegido de los Banū Ḍabbah, o también se dice de los Banū Makhsūm. Su nacimiento fue en al-Madīnah y fue llamado al-Ghazzāli debido a su frecuente Sūq al-Ghazl para conocer a las mujeres castas, a quienes distribuyó sus limosnas.
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The position of “Nagid of Cairo” is filled many years later by Maimonides. Avraham ben Nathan had at least three (3) sons –

1) Yitzhak Abraham [Yitzchak 'Amram ben Avraham (a/k/a “Zakai ben Abraham”)]

2) Yakob ben 'Amram (the 2nd Nagid of Kairouan),

3) Nathan - Nathan traveled to [Sijilmasa] to act as Rabbi and extend the reach of his brothers.

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La posición de "Nagid of Cairo" es ocupada muchos años después por Maimónides. Abraham ben Nathan tuvo al menos tres (3) hijos:

1) Itzjak Abraham [Itzjak 'Amram ben Avraham (a / k / a “Zakai ben Abraham”)]

2) Yakob ben 'Amram (la segunda Nagid de Kairouan),

3) Nathan - Nathan viajó a [Sijilmasa] para actuar como Rabino y extender el alcance de sus hermanos.
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Ben-Sasson, Menahem. The Emergence of the Local Jewish Community in the Muslim World: Qayrawan, 800–1057 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996) [Hebrew].

Davidson, Israel. “Poetic Fragments from the Genizah: II. From a Divan of a North African Poet,” Jewish Quarterly Review, n.s. 1, no. 2 (October 1910): 231–247.

Gil, Moshe, “The Babylonian Yeshivot and the Maghrib in the Early Middle Ages,” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 57 (1990–1991): 108–115.

Stillman, Norman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979), pp. 46, 63, 183–185.

———. “Un témoignage contemporain de l’histoire de la Tunisie Ziride,” Hespéris-Tamuda 13 (1972): 37–59.

Norman A. Stillman. " Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm (Abraham ben Nathan)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online , 2012. Reference. Jim Harlow. 03 July 2012

“A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Volume 1” by Moshe Gil, CUP Archive, 1992 ISBN0521404371, 9780521404372

“Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages” by Moshe Gil & David Strassler Translated byDavid Strassler, BRILL, ISBN900413882X, 9789004138827

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