48 ° Bisabuelo/ Great Grandfather de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo →Magnus Maximus, Western Roman Emperor is your 48th great grandfather.
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(Linea Paterna)
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Flavius Julius Crispus Maximian Caesar is your 48th great grandfather of→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→ Dr. Enrique Jorge Urdaneta Lecuna
your father → Elena Cecilia Lecuna Escobar
his mother → Vicente de Jesus Lecuna Salboch, Dr.
her father → Ramón Lecuna Sucre
his father → Josefa Margarita Sucre y Márquez de Valenzuela
his mother → Coronel Vicente Vitto Luis Ramón de Sucre y García de Urbaneja
her father → Coronel Antonio Mauricio Jacinto Tadeo Rosalio Sucre Pardo y Trelles
his father → Carlos Francisco Francois Sucre y Pardo, Sargento Mayor
his father → Charles Adrien de Sucre y D´Ives
his father → Charles Antoine de Sucre y Martigny
his father → Antonio de Succre y Hontoy
his father → Francois dit Godefroy de Succre
his father → Antonio de Succre
his father → Jeanne de Thurut
his mother → Jeanne Grebert y Vredeau
her mother → Jacqueline Vredeau
her mother → Jean Vredeau, prévôt de Valenciennes
her father → Marie du Gardin
his mother → Marie de Saint Amand
her mother → Joan de Haudlo
her mother → Maud Haudlo
her mother → Maud FitzAlan
her mother → Isabella de Mortimer, Countess of Arundel
her mother → Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer
her father → Gwladys Ddu verch Llewelyn
his mother → Llewelyn Fawr ab Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd
her father → Margred verch Madog, of Powys
his mother → Madog ap Maredudd, Brenin Powys
her father → Maredudd ap Bleddyn, Brenin Powys
his father → Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Brenin Powys
his father → Angharad verch Maredudd
his mother → Maredudd ab Owain, King of Deheubarth
her father → Angharad verch Llewelyn
his mother → N.N. ferch Merfyn
her mother → Merfyn ap Rhodri Mawr
her father → Rhodri the Great, king of the Britons
his father → Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad
his father → Gwriad ap Elidir
his father → Elidir ap Sandde
his father → Sandde ap Alcwn
his father → Alcwn ap Tegid
his father → Tegid ap Gwair
his father → Gwair ap Dwg
his father → Dwg ap Llywarch Hen
his father → Llywarch Hen ab Elidir
his father → Saint Gwawr ferch Brychan
his mother → Prawst verch Tudwal
her mother → Gratiana ferch Maxen Wledig
her mother → Magnus Maximus, Western Roman Emperor
her father → Flavius Julius Crispus Maximian Caesar
his father
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Flavio Julio Crispo ( c. 300 – 326) fue el hijo mayor del emperador romano Constantino I, así como su colega menor (césar) desde marzo de 317 hasta su ejecución por su padre en 326. Nieto del augusto Constancio I, Crispo era el medio hermano mayor del futuro augusto Constantino II y se convirtió en co-césar con él y con su primo Licinio II en Serdica, parte del asentamiento que puso fin a la Guerra Cibalensea entre Constantino y el rival de su padre, Licinio I. Crispo gobernó desde Augusta Treverorum (Tréveris) en la Galia romana entre 318 y 323 y derrotó a la armada de Licinio I en la batalla del Helesponto en 324, que con la batalla terrestre de Crisópolis ganada por Constantino forzó la renuncia de Licinio y su hijo, dejando a Constantino como único augusto y la dinastía constantiniana. en control de todo el imperio. No está claro cuál era el estatus legal de la relación que la madre de Crispo, Minervina, tenía con Constantino; Crispo pudo haber sido un hijo ilegítimo.
El tutor de Crispo en retórica fue el historiador latino tardío del cristianismo primitivo, Lactancio. Crispo puede ser el joven príncipe representado en la Gema Constantiniana, un gran cameo que representa a Constantino y su esposa Fausta, aunque la representación puede ser del propio hijo de Fausta, el futuro augusto Constancio II. Mientras estaba en Augusta Treverorum, el prefecto pretoriano de Crispo para la prefectura de la Galia fue el gran Junius Annius Bassus. Después de su elevación al rango imperial, momento en el que también fue titulado princeps iuventutis ("Príncipe de la juventud"), el retórico latino Nazario compuso un panegírico conservado en el Panegyrici Latini, que honraba las victorias militares de Crispo sobre los francos en c. 319. Crispo fue tres veces cónsul romano, para los años 318, 321 y 324.
A los dos años de la derrota y rendición de Licinio, Constantino no sólo había matado a su cuñado y ex co-augusto, sino que también había ejecutado a su sobrino Licinio II, hijo de su hermana Flavia Julia Constantia. Según las historias latinas de Amiano Marcelino y Aurelio Víctor, después de un juicio cuyas circunstancias reales son misteriosas, Constantino ejecutó a Crispo en Pola (Pula) en 326. Fausta, cuyo hijo Constancio II se convirtió en césar en noviembre de 324, también fue ejecutado, y el historiador griego tardío Zósimo y el escritor griego bizantino Joannes Zonaras escribieron que Constantino había acusado a Crispo de incesto con su madrastra. Después de su muerte, Crispo fue sometido a damnatio memoriae.
Primeros años
El año y el lugar de nacimiento de Crispo son inciertos. Se considera probable que haya nacido entre 299 y 305, posiblemente ya en 295, en algún lugar del Imperio Romano de Oriente. La fecha más temprana es la más probable, ya que estaba siendo instruido en 309-310 por Lactancio. [1] Su madre Minervina fue concubina o primera esposa de Constantino. No se sabe nada más sobre Minervina. Su padre sirvió como rehén en la corte de Diocleciano en Nicomedia, asegurando así la lealtad del padre de Constantino, Constancio Cloro, que era César de Maximiano en el oeste en este momento.
En 307, Constantino se alió con los augustos italianos, y esta alianza se selló con el matrimonio de Constantino con la hija de Maximiano, Fausta. Este matrimonio ha hecho que los historiadores modernos cuestionen su relación con Minervina y Crispo. Si Minervina fuera su esposa legítima, Constantino habría necesitado asegurar un divorcio antes de casarse con Fausta, lo que habría requerido una orden oficial por escrito firmada por el propio Constantino, pero tal orden no es mencionada por fuentes contemporáneas. Este silencio en las fuentes ha llevado a muchos historiadores a concluir que la relación entre Constantino y Minervina era informal y a suponer que ella había sido una amante no oficial. Sin embargo, Minervina ya podría haber muerto en 307. Un Constantino viudo no necesitaría divorciarse.
Ni la verdadera naturaleza de la relación entre Constantino y Minervina ni la razón por la que Crispo quedó bajo la protección de su padre probablemente se conocerán nunca. La descendencia de una aventura ilegítima podría haber causado problemas dinásticos y probablemente sería despedida, pero Crispo fue criado por su padre en la Galia. Esto puede verse como evidencia de una relación amorosa y pública entre Constantino y Minervina que le dio una razón para proteger a su hijo.
La historia de Minervina es bastante similar a la de la madre de Constantino, Helena. El padre de Constantino más tarde tuvo que divorciarse de ella por razones políticas, específicamente, para casarse con Flavia Maximiana Teodora, la hija de Maximiano. Constancio, sin embargo, no descartó a Constantino como su hijo, y tal vez Constantino eligió seguir el ejemplo de su padre aquí también.
Cualquiera que fuera la razón, Constantino mantuvo a Crispo a su lado. Las fuentes sobrevivientes son unánimes en declararlo un padre amoroso, confiado y protector para su primer hijo. Constantino incluso confió su educación a Lactancio, uno de los maestros cristianos más importantes de la época, quien probablemente comenzó a enseñar a Crispo antes de 317.
Reverse of a solidus of Crispus, marked: securitas reipublicae ("the security of the Republic")
Carrera
By 313, there were two remaining augusti in control of the Roman Empire—Constantine in the west and his brother-in-law Licinius in the east.
On 1 March 317, the two co-reigning augusti jointly proclaimed three new caesares: Crispus, alongside his younger half-brother Constantine II, and his first cousin Licinius Iunior. Constantine II was the older son of Fausta but was only two years old at the time of his proclamation. Thus only Crispus assumed actual duties.
Constantine apparently believed in the abilities of his son and appointed Crispus as Commander of Gaul. The new caesar soon held residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), regional capital of Germania.
In January 322, Crispus was married to a young woman called Helena. Helena bore him a son in October of that year. There is no surviving account of the name or later fate of the son. Eusebius of Caesarea reported that Constantine was proud of his son and very pleased to become a grandfather.
Crispus was leader in victorious military operations against the Franks and the Alamanni in 318, 320 and 323. Thus he secured the continued Roman presence in the areas of Gaul and Germania. The soldiers adored him thanks to his strategic abilities and the victories to which he had led the Roman legions.
Crispus spent the following years assisting Constantine in the war against by then hostile Licinius. In 324, Constantine appointed Crispus as the commander of his fleet which left the port of Piraeus to confront Licinius' fleet. The subsequent Battle of the Hellespont was fought at the straits of Bosporus. The 200 ships under the command of Crispus managed to decisively defeat the enemy forces, which were at least double in number. Thus Crispus achieved his most important and difficult victory which further established his reputation as a brilliant general.
Following his navy activities, Crispus was assigned part of the legions loyal to his father. The other part was commanded by Constantine himself. Crispus led the legions assigned to him in another victorious battle outside Chrysopolis against the armies of Licinius.
The two victories were his contribution to the final triumph of his father over Licinius. Constantine was the only augustus left in the Empire. He honoured his son for his support and success by depicting his face in imperial coins, statues, mosaics, cameos, etc. Eusebius of Caesaria wrote for Crispus that he is "an Imperator most dear to God and in all regards comparable to his father."
Crispus was the most likely choice for an heir to the throne at the time. His siblings Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans were far too young and knew very little about the tasks of an emperor. However, Crispus would never assume the throne.
Execution
Reverse of a solidus marked: dn··crispus·nob·caes·
In 326, Crispus' life came to a sudden end. On his father's orders he was executed, apparently without trial, at Pola, Istria, in the Augustan regio of Venetia et Histria.[2] According to Sidonius Apollinaris, Crispus was killed by "cold poison".[3] Soon afterwards, Constantine had his wife Fausta killed also, according to several sources in a hot bath or bathroom.[4] Both Crispus and Fausta suffered damnatio memoriae, their names being erased from inscriptions.[5]
The reason for these deaths remains unclear. The most common explanation given by scholars is based on the accounts of Zosimus and Zonaras: that Crispus was executed due to suspicions that he was involved in an illicit relationship with Fausta.[6] Recent scholars have been skeptical of this explanation. For instance, T. D. Barnes argues that as Crispus was based at Trier, and Fausta at Constantinople, they would not have had the opportunity to have an affair, while Hans Pohlsander suggests that the similarity of Zosimus' story to the myth of Phaedra and Hippolytus makes its veracity doubtful.[7] However, David Woods accepts the ancient evidence that Crispus and Fausta were believed to have had a relationship, suggesting that Fausta fell pregnant, and Crispus was implicated. According to Woods' theory, Fausta's death was caused by an attempted abortion, while Crispus committed suicide by poison in Pola, having been exiled there as punishment for his adultery.[8]
Other explanations put forward for Crispus' death include that he was executed in order to ensure the succession of his half-brothers, Constantine's sons by Fausta, and that it was unrelated to the death of Fausta; that it was due to Crispus suggesting that Constantine should retire; or that it was due to Crispus plotting against Constantine, possibly with Fausta and Licinius.[9] J. W. Drijvers concludes that the true explanation for the deaths of Crispus and Fausta will never be known.[10]
Consequences
It is said that Constantine looked to pagan priests who were friends of his, such as Sopater of Apamea, for the purification of his soul, but they refused, considering the act committed by Constantine as unforgivable, including the fact that he previously believed in a Christian woman who in her own son, who had shown her love and loyalty so many times.[11]
In literature
Crispus became a popular tragic hero after the success of Bernardino Stefonio's neo-Latin tragedy Crispus, which was performed at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in 1597. Closely modelled on Seneca's Phaedra, this became a model of Jesuit tragedy and one of the main bases for Alessandro Donati's 1631 Ars Poetic and Tarquinio Galluzzi's 1633 Defense of Crispus. The play was adapted for the French stage by François de Grenaille as L'Innocent malhereux (1639) and by Tristan l'Hermite as La Morte de Chrispe ou les maleurs du grand Constantine (1645). It was performed as an opera in Rome (1720) and London (1721), where it was entitled, Crispo: drama,[12] not to mention Donizetti's 1832 opera Fausta. The story is also retold and embellished in chapter 31 of Sir Walter Scott's novel Count Robert of Paris. When Evelyn Waugh reworks the story in his novel Helena (1950), Crispus is innocent.
References
Citations
Barnes, Timothy, Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, 2011, pp. 177–78.
Guthrie 1966, p. 325.
Pohlsander 1984, p. 100.
Woods 1998, pp. 70, 74.
Woods 1998, p. 72.
Pohlsander 1984, p. 101.
Woods 1998, p. 73.
Woods 1998, pp. 78–80.
Pohlsander 1984, pp. 105–6.
Woods 1998, p. 74.
Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. i. 5.
Marc Fumaroli, Heros et orateurs. Rhetoriques et dramaturgie corneliennes, Geneva: Droz, 1996
Sources
Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus". Phoenix. 20 (4): 325–331. doi:10.2307/1087057. JSTOR 1087057.
Pohlsander, Hans A. (1984). "Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 33 (1).
Torino, Alessio (2008). Bernardinus Stephonius S.J. Crispus-tragoedia. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Woods, David (1998). "Sobre la muerte de la emperatriz Fausta". Grecia y Roma. 45 (1): págs. 70–86. doi:10.1093/gr/45.1.70.
Enlaces externos
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Crispus.
Cargos políticos
Precedido por
Ovinius GallicanusCaesonius
Bassus
Cónsul
romano 318
con Licinio Augusto V Sucedido por
Constantino Augusto V
Licinio César
Precedido por
Constantino Augusto
VI Constantino César
Cónsul
romano 321
con Constantino César II Sucedido por
Petronio ProbianoAmnio Anicio Juliano
Precedido por
Acilio Severo
Vettius Rufino
Cónsul
romano 324
con Constantino César III Sucedido por
Sexo. Anicius PaulinusValerius Proculus
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Agregado por: Ing. Carlos Juan Felipe Urdaneta Alamo, MD.IG.
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