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16° Bisabuelo de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo
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(Linea Paterna) (Linea Materna)
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Alfonso VIII el Noble, rey de Castilla is your 21st great grandfather.
You → Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo
→ Enrique Jorge Urdaneta Lecuna
your father → Elena Cecilia Lecuna Escobar
his mother → María Elena de la Concepción Escobar Llamosas
her mother → Cecilia Cayetana de la Merced Llamosas Vaamonde de Escobar
her mother → Cipriano Fernando de Las Llamosas y García
her father → José Lorenzo de las Llamozas Silva
his father → Joseph Julián Llamozas Ranero
his father → Manuel Llamosas y Requecens
his father → Isabel de Requesens
his mother → Luis de Requeséns y Zúñiga, Virrey de Holanda
her father → Juan de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco
his father → Pedro de Zúñiga y Avellaneda, II conde de Miranda del Castañar
his father → Diego López de Zúñiga y Guzmán, I conde de Miranda del Castañar
his father → D. Pedro López de Zúñiga y García de Leyva, I Conde de Ledesma, Conde de Plasencia
his father → Dª. Juana García de Leyva, Señora de Hacinas, Quintanilla y Villavaquerín
his mother → Juan Martínez de Leyva, III
her father → Isabella Plantagenet
his mother → Edward III of England
her father → Edward II, king of England
his father → Eleanor of Castile, Queen consort of England
his mother → Ferdinand "the Saint", king of Castile and León
her father → Berenguela I la Grande, reina de Castilla
his mother → Alfonso VIII el Noble, rey de Castilla
her father
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Alfonso VIII el Noble, rey de Castilla is your 16th great grandfather.
You → Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo
→ Morella Álamo Borges
your mother → Belén Borges Ustáriz
her mother → Belén de Jesús Ustáriz Lecuna
her mother → Miguel María Ramón de Jesus Uztáriz y Monserrate
her father → María de Guía de Jesús de Monserrate é Ibarra
his mother → Manuel José de Monserrate y Urbina, Teniente Coronel
her father → Antonieta Felicita Javiera Ignacia de Urbina y Hurtado de Mendoza
his mother → Isabel Manuela Josefa Hurtado de Mendoza y Rojas Manrique
her mother → Juana de Rojas Manrique de Mendoza
her mother → Constanza de Mendoza Mate de Luna
her mother → Mayor de Mendoza Manzanedo
her mother → Juan Fernández De Mendoza Y Manuel
her father → Sancha Manuel
his mother → Sancho Manuel de Villena Castañeda, señor del Infantado y Carrión de los Céspedes
her father → Manuel de Castilla, señor de Escalona
his father → Ferdinand "the Saint", king of Castile and León
his father → Berenguela I la Grande, reina de Castilla
his mother → Alfonso VIII el Noble, rey de Castilla
her father
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Alfonso VIII de Castilla
Rey de Castilla
Alfons8Kastilie.jpg
Detalle de miniatura de Alfonso VIII de Castilla en el Tumbo menor de Castilla1
Información personal
Reinado 31 de agosto de 1158-6 de octubre de 1214
Nacimiento 11 de noviembre de 1155
Soria
Fallecimiento 5 al 6 de octubre de 12142 (58 años)
Gutierre-Muñoz
Entierro Monasterio de las Huelgas de Burgos
Predecesor Sancho III de Castilla
Sucesor Enrique I de Castilla
Familia
Dinastía Casa de Borgoña
Padre Sancho III de Castilla
Madre Blanca Garcés de Pamplona
Consorte Leonor Plantagenet
Regente
Manrique Pérez de Lara (1158-1164)
Nuño Pérez de Lara (1164-1169)
Descendencia Véase Descendencia
Royal Arms of Castille (1214-15th Century).svg
Escudo de Alfonso VIII de Castilla
[editar datos en Wikidata]
Alfonso VIII de Castilla, llamado «el de Las Navas» o «el Noble» (Soria, 11 de noviembre de 1155 - Gutierre-Muñoz, del domingo 5 al lunes 6 de octubre de 12142), fue rey de Castillaa entre 1158 y 1214. Hijo de Sancho III y Blanca Garcés de Pamplona, derrotó a los almohades en la batalla de Las Navas de Tolosa, librada en 1212, y fue sucedido en el trono por su hijo Enrique.
Índice
1 Orígenes familiares
2 Biografía
2.1 Minoría de edad
2.2 Primer período del reinado
2.3 Batalla de Alarcos (1195)
2.4 Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa
3 Muerte y sepultura
4 Matrimonio y descendencia
5 Ancestros
6 Alfonso VIII en la literatura
7 Véase también
8 Notas
9 Referencias
10 Bibliografía
11 Enlaces externos
Orígenes familiares
Artículo principal: Anexo:Ascendientes de Alfonso VIII de Castilla
Por parte de padre era descendiente de los reyes de la Casa de Borgoña y del Condado de Barcelona, y por parte de madre, de los reyes de Pamplona y de Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar.
Biografía
Minoría de edad
Hijo de Sancho III «el Deseado», rey de Castilla, y de Blanca Garcés de Pamplona, a la muerte de su padre sólo contaba tres años de edad, por lo que se designó como tutor a Gutierre Fernández de Castro y como regente a Manrique Pérez de Lara, para equilibrar a las poderosas familias Castro y Lara. Sin embargo, se originó una sangrienta rivalidad entre las dos familias nobiliarias. Los Lara lograron apoderarse del joven rey al que trasladaron a Haza, dentro de su zona de influencia.
Esta rivalidad derivó en una guerra civil y en un período de incertidumbre que fue aprovechado por los reinos vecinos y así, en 1159, el rey navarro Sancho VI se apoderó de Logroño y de amplias zonas de La Rioja, mientras que el tío del joven Alfonso, el rey leonés Fernando II, se apoderó de la ciudad de Burgos.
En 1160, los partidarios de la Casa de Lara, capitaneados por Nuño Pérez de Lara, fueron derrotados por los miembros de la Casa de Castro, dirigidos por Fernando Rodríguez de Castro el Castellano, en la Batalla de Lobregal, librada en las cercanías de la localidad de Villabrágima, en la provincia de Valladolid.
La proximidad de Fernando II, aliado de los Castro, al lugar donde los Lara custodian a Alfonso VIII hace que estos lo trasladen a Soria. Allí estuvo desde 1158 hasta 1162,3 cuando los Lara deciden entregárselo a Fernando II de León, que ya había conquistado las ciudades de Segovia y Toledo. Lo impide la intervención de un hidalgo, quien sacó al pequeño del palacio real, poniéndolo bajo la custodia de las villas leales del norte de Castilla, primero en el castillo de San Esteban de Gormaz y después en Atienza y Ávila, ciudad que desde entonces recibe el título honorífico de «Ávila del Rey» o «Ávila de los Leales» por la defensa que hizo del joven monarca. Así mismo, la estancia de Alfonso en Atienza dio origen al nacimiento de la popular celebración de La Caballada, que se celebra todos los años en esta villa el Domingo de Pentecostés.
Primer período del reinado
Al alcanzar la mayoría de edad en 1170, Alfonso VIII fue proclamado rey de Castilla en las Cortes que se convocaron en Burgos, tras lo cual se concertó su matrimonio con Leonor de Plantagenet, hija de Enrique II de Inglaterra y de Leonor de Aquitania, que aportó como dote el condado de Gascuña. El enlace real se celebró en la ciudad aragonesa de Tarazona.
Su primer objetivo como monarca fue recuperar los territorios perdidos durante su minoría de edad. Para ello se alía con el rey Alfonso II el Casto. Junto al monarca aragonés, Alfonso VIII atacó al navarro Sancho VI en 1173, logrando arrebatarle los territorios que este había tomado durante su minoría de edad. Tras ello reforzó su alianza con Alfonso II al concertar el matrimonio de éste con su tía, Sancha de Castilla.
Alfonso VIII en una miniatura medieval
Presionado por los ataques almohades, desde 1174 tuvo que ceder a las órdenes militares algunos territorios hasta entonces de realengo para su mejor protección, como las villas de Maqueda y Zorita de los Canes a la Orden de Calatrava, o la villa de Uclés a la Orden de Santiago, siendo desde entonces Uclés la casa principal de esta última orden militar. Desde esta plaza inicia una ofensiva contra los musulmanes, que culmina con la reconquista de Cuenca en 1177. La ciudad se rindió el 21 de septiembre, festividad de San Mateo, celebrada desde entonces por los conquenses.
Alfonso VIII fue el fundador del primer estudio general español, el Studium generale de Palencia (germen de la universidad), que decayó tras su fallecimiento. Además, su corte sería un importante instrumento cultural, que acogería trovadores y sabios, especialmente por la influencia de su esposa gascona Leonor (hermana de Ricardo Corazón de León).
En 1179 firma con su aliado el rey aragonés el Tratado de Cazola, por el que ambos monarcas se reparten sobre el papel, ya que no tuvo resultados reales, los territorios del reino navarro y además fijan las zonas de conquista de los territorios musulmanes que cada monarca puede emprender variando el hasta entonces vigente Tratado de Tudilén que habían firmado Alfonso VII de León y Ramón Berenguer IV de Barcelona. Por el nuevo Tratado de Cazola, el reino de Murcia —cuya conquista correspondía a Aragón— pasaba a Castilla y a cambio el rey aragonés Alfonso II se vio libre del vasallaje que debía a Alfonso VIII.
El 12 de enero de 1180, el rey se encontraba en Carrión de los Condes, firmando el Fuero de Villasila y Villamelendro tras la petición efectuada por los clérigosb de las citadas villas.c
Tras fundar Plasencia en 1186, y con intención de unificar a la nobleza castellana, relanza la Reconquista, recupera parte de La Rioja que estaba en manos navarras y la reintegra a su reino. Establece una alianza con todos los reinos peninsulares cristianos –a la sazón, Portugal, León, Castilla, Navarra y Aragón– para proseguir ordenadamente conquistando las tierras ocupadas por los almohades.
En 1188 se reúne en Carrión de los Condes con su primo Alfonso IX, que acababa de suceder a su padre Fernando II como rey de León. Ambos monarcas firman un pacto de buena voluntad que Alfonso VIII pronto romperá para, aprovechando la debilidad del nuevo rey leonés en su propio reino, invadir León y hacerse con varias poblaciones, entre las que destacan Valencia de Don Juan y Valderas, y que inició un período de hostilidades que finalizaría el 20 de abril de 1194 con la firma del Tratado de Tordehumos, en el que el rey castellano se comprometía a devolver los territorios conquistados y el leonés se comprometía a contraer matrimonio con la hija de Alfonso VIII, Berenguela y, si el leonés Alfonso IX moría sin descendencia, se pactó que el reino de León pasaría a ser anexionado por Castilla.
Batalla de Alarcos (1195)
Artículo principal: Batalla de Alarcos
El acuerdo con el reino de León permite a Alfonso VIII romper la tregua que mantenía con los almohades desde 1190 e inicia incursiones que, de la mano del arzobispo de Toledo Martín López de Pisuerga, llegan hasta Sevilla.
El califa almohade Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur, que se encontraba en el norte de África, cruza el Estrecho de Gibraltar y desembarca en Tarifa al frente de un poderoso ejército con el que se dirige hacia tierras castellanas. Alfonso VIII recibe la noticia y reúne a su ejército en Toledo y aunque consiguió el apoyo de los reyes de León, Navarra y Aragón para hacer frente a la amenaza almohade, no espera la llegada de dichas tropas y se dirige hacia Alarcos, una ciudad fortaleza en construcción situada a pocos kilómetros de la actual Ciudad Real, junto al río Guadiana, donde el 19 de julio de 1195 sufre una estruendosa derrota que supuso una importante pérdida de territorio y la fijación de la nueva frontera entre Castilla y el Imperio almohade en los Montes de Toledo. Los almohades incluso invadieron el valle del Tajo y asediarían Toledo, Madrid y Guadalajara en el verano de 1197.
Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, 1212.
Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa
Artículo principal: Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa
Alfonso VIII se encontró en una peligrosa situación que le llevó a la posibilidad de perder Toledo y todo el valle del Tajo, por lo que el rey solicitó desde 1211 al papa Inocencio III la predicación de una cruzada a la que no solo respondieron sus súbditos castellanos, sino también los aragoneses con su rey, Pedro II el Católico, los navarros dirigidos por Sancho VII el Fuerte, las órdenes militares, como las de Calatrava, del Temple, de Santiago y de Malta, además de caballeros cruzados franceses, occitanos y de toda la Cristiandad.
Con todos ellos y tras la recuperación de enclaves del valle del Guadiana (como el castillo de Calatrava) alcanzó la esperada victoria sobre el califa almohade Muhammad an-Nasir (llamado en las crónicas Miramamolín, que quiere decir Comendador de los creyentes) en la batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, librada el 16 de julio en las inmediaciones de Santa Elena (Provincia de Jaén). Un año más tarde, lograba lo propio en la plaza de Alcaraz, consolidando el poder castellano en toda la meseta manchega.
Muerte y sepultura
Sarcófagos del rey Alfonso, en primer lugar y su esposa, detrás situados en el Monasterio de las Huelgas.
Artículo principal: Sepulcro de Alfonso VIII de Castilla y de Leonor de Plantagenet
Alfonso VIII falleció del domingo 5 al lunes 6 de octubre de 12142 en un pequeño pueblo del alfoz de la Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Arévalo, Gutierre-Muñoz,4 dejando constancia de ello el arzobispo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada en su obra De rebus Hispaniae:
Habiendo cumplido LIII años en el Reyno el noble Rey Alfonso, llamó al Rey de Portugal su yerno para verse con él; y habiendo empezado su camino dirigido a Plasencia, última ciudad de su dominio, empezó a enfermar gravemente en cierta aldea de Arévalo que se llama Gutierre Muñoz, donde últimamente, agravado de una fiebre, terminó la vida y sepultó consigo la gloria de Castilla, habiéndose confesado antes con el arzobispo Rodrigo, y recibido el sumo Sacramento del Viático, asistiéndole Tello, obispo de Palencia, y Domingo, de Plasencia.5
El rey y su esposa Leonor recibieron sepultura en el Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas en Burgos que él mismo había fundado.
Matrimonio y descendencia
Foto de la inauguración del monolito en la localidad de Gutierre-Muñoz donde murió el rey Alfonso VIII.
El rey se casó en septiembre de 1170 en Tarazona con Leonor Plantagenet, hija de Enrique II de Inglaterra y de Leonor de Aquitania. El matrimonio se efectuó cuando los contrayentes tenían 14 y 10 años, respectivamente.6 La influencia política y cultural de la reina fue notable.
La pareja tuvo diez hijos de los que quede constancia documental, aunque es probable la existencia de otros hijos no documentados sobre todo dado que hay años en los cuales no se recoge ningún nacimiento teniendo en cuenta que los nacimientos de la pareja se produce cada poco tiempo.78La aparición de restos óseos en las tumbas reales pueden avalar esa tesis, en concreto al menos dos.9
Berenguela (Segovia, 1 de junio de 1179 - Monasterio de las Huelgas, 8 de noviembre de 1246), reina de Castilla y esposa de Alfonso IX de León;10
Sancho (5 de abril de 1181 - 9 de julio de 1181), el primer hijo varón que falleció con tres meses de edad;11
Sancha (1182-1184). Su última aparición en la documentación fue en el año 1184. Está enterrada en el panteón familiar en el Monasterio de las Huelgas.1213
Urraca (1186 - 2 de noviembre de 1220), reina consorte de Portugal por su matrimonio en 1211 con Alfonso II de Portugal;14
Blanca (Palencia, 1188 - Melun, 1252), reina consorte de Francia por su matrimonio en 1200 con Luis VIII y fundadora del monasterio de monjas cistercienses de Maubuisson.15
Fernando (Cuenca, 29 de noviembre de 1189 - Madrid, 14 de octubre de 1211), heredero;16
Mafalda de Castilla (Plasencia, 1191 - Salamanca 1204);17
Leonor (c. 1190-1244), reina consorte de Aragón por su matrimonio en 1221 con Jaime I de Aragón;18
Constanza de Castilla (m. 2 de enero de 1243), señora del monasterio cisterciense de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas en Burgos;19
Enrique (14 de abril de 1204 - Palencia, 1217), sucesor de Alfonso VIII, con el nombre de Enrique I.20
Ancestros
Ancestros de Alfonso VIII de Castilla [mostrar]
Alfonso VIII en la literatura
Lope de Vega (1617). Las paces de los Reyes y Judía de Toledo
Antonio Mira de Amescua (1625). La desgraciada Raquel
Luis de Ulloa y Pereira (1650). Alfonso Octavo, rey de Castilla. Príncipe perfecto, detenido en Toledo por los amores de Hermosa ó Raquel, hebrea muerta por el furor de los vasallos (poema narrativo)
Juan Bautista Diamante (1667). La judía de Toledo
Pedro Francisco Lanini Sagrado (1675). El rey don Alfonso el Bueno
Vicente García de la Huerta (1778). Raquel, Tragedia española en tres jornadas (teatro)
Jacques Cazotte (1790). Rachel ou la belle juive. Nouvelle historique espagnole
Franz Grillparzer (1851). Die Jüdin von Toledo
Lion Feuchtwanger (1955). La judía de Toledo
José Luis Velasco (1990). Fernando el Temerario. Editorial Casals, S.A. 160 págs. ISBN 978-84-8343-032-3
Jesús Sánchez Adalid (2007). El alma de la ciudad. Editorial Planeta, S.A. 656 págs. ISBN 978-84-08-07295-9
Gonzalo Giner (2008). El sanador de caballos. Temas de Hoy.
Abraham S. Marrache (2009). La Historia de Fermosa: la amante de Alfonso VIII
Kristo Šagor (2012). Die Jüdin von Toledo, (drama detrás de Feuchtwanger), estreno 5 de mayo de 2012
José María Pérez, Peridis. (2014). Esperando al rey.
Sebastián Roa. Trilogía almohade
Predecesor:
Sancho III Rey de Castilla
11
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Alfonso VIII de Castilla, llamado «el de Las Navas» o «el Noble» (Soria, 11 de noviembre de 1155 – Gutierre-Muñoz, del domingo 5 al lunes 6 de octubre de 1214), fue rey de Castilla entre 1158 y 1214. Hijo de Sancho III y Blanca Garcés de Pamplona, derrotó a los almohades en la batalla de Las Navas de Tolosa, librada en 1212, y fue sucedido en el trono por su hijo Enrique.
Por parte de padre era descendiente de los reyes de la Casa de Borgoña y del Condado de Barcelona, y por parte de madre, de los reyes de Pamplona y de Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar.
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_de_Castilla
Find-a-Grave Memorial #177323167
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155, Soria – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Islamic Almohad Caliphate and the liberation of Celtic Spanish peoples from subjugation under Islamic rule, where Spanish Celts had suffered centuries of being sold into slavery to Arabs.
King Alfonso VIII the Noble married Princess Eleanor Plantagenet who was the daughter of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Together they built and lived in the beautiful castle of Alcazar of Segovia. (see photo)
After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Saint Ferdinand III was his grandson, who was canonized by the Pope for completing the liberation of Spain from the Moors.
Both King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (who financed the voyages of Christopher Columbus) are descendants of King Alfonso VIII. Many kings of England and kings across continental Europe also descend from King Alfonso VIII.
Regency and civil war
Alfonso was born to Sancho III of Castile and Blanche, daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, in Soria on 11 November 1155.[3] He was named after his grandfather Alfonso VII of Castile. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. His father died in 1158 when his mother was also dead. Though proclaimed king when only three years of age, he was regarded as merely nominal by the unruly nobles to whom a minority was convenient. Immediately, Castile was plunged into conflicts between the various noble houses vying for ascendancy in the inevitable regency. The devotion of a squire of his household, who carried him on the pommel of his saddle to the stronghold of San Esteban de Gormaz, saved him from falling into the hands of the contending factions. The noble houses of Lara and Castro both claimed the regency, as did the boy's uncle, Ferdinand II of León. In 1159 the young Alfonso was put briefly in the custody of García Garcés de Aza, who was not wealthy enough to support him. In March 1160 the Castro and Lara met at the Battle of Lobregal and the Castro were victorious, but the guardianship of Alfonso and the regency fell to Manrique Pérez de Lara.
Alfonso was put in the custody of the loyal village Ávila. At barely fifteen, he came forth to do a man's work by restoring his kingdom to order. It was only by a surprise that he recovered his capital Toledo from the hands of the Laras.
[edit] Reconquista
In 1174, he ceded Uclés to the Order of Santiago and afterwards this became the order's principal seat. From Uclés, he began a campaign which culminated in the reconquest of Cuenca in 1177. The city surrendered on 21 September, the feast of Saint Matthew, ever afterwards celebrated by the citizens of the town.
Alfonso took the initiative to ally all the major Christian kingdoms of the peninsula — Navarre, León, Portugal, and Aragon — against the Almohads. By the Treaty of Cazola of 1179, the zones of expansion of each kingdom were defined.
After founding Plasencia (Cáceres) in 1186, he embarked on a major initiative to unite the Castilian nobility around the Reconquista. In that year, he recuperated part of La Rioja from the Kingdom of Navarre.
In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defence of Alarcos on the river Guadiana, then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur. The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next seventeen years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo.
Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III, a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II, Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Narbonne all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July. The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir was routed and Almohad power broken.
Cultural legacy
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia, which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage (Burgos, before 17 September 1177)[4] with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor.
Alfonso died at Gutierre-Muñoz and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Henry I, named after his maternal grandfather.
Alfonso was the subject for Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), in which is narrated an affair with a Jewish subject in medieval Toledo in a time when Spain was known to be the land of tolerance and learning for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The titular Jewish woman of the novel is based on Alfonso's historical paramour, Rahel la Fermosa.
[edit] Children
With Eleanor of England he had 11 children:
Name Birth Death Notes
Infanta Berenguela (Berengaria) Burgos,
1 January/
June 1180 Las Huelgas near Burgos,
8 November 1246 Married firstly in Seligenstadt on 23 April 1188 with Duke Conrad II of Swabia, but the union (only by contract and never solemnized) was later annulled. Married in Valladolid between 1/16 December 1197 with King Alfonso IX of León as her second wife. After their marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity in 1204, she returned to her homeland and became regent of her minor brother King Henry I. Queen of Castile in her own right after the death of Henry I in 1214, immediately abdicated in favor of her son.
Infante Sancho Burgos,
5 April 1181 26 July 1181 Heir of the throne since his birth, died aged three months.
Infanta Sancha 20/28 March 1182 3 February 1184/
16 October 1185 Died in infancy.
Infante Enrique (Henry) 1184 1184? Heir of the throne since his birth, died either shortly after been born or in infancy. His existence is disputed among sources.
Infanta Urraca 1186/
28 May 1187 Coimbra,
3 November 1220 Married in 1206 to Prince Alfonso, who succeeded his father in 1212 as King Alfonso II of Portugal.
Infanta Blanca (Blanche) Palencia,
4 March 1188 Paris,
27 November 1252 Married in the Abbaye de Port-Mort near Pont-Audemer, Normandy on 23 May 1200 with Prince Louis, who succeeded his father in 1223 as King Louis VIII of France. Regent of the Kingdom of France during her son's minority (1226–1234) and during his absence on the Seventh Crusade.
Infante Fernando (Ferdinand) Cuenca,
29 September 1189 Madrid,
14 October 1211 Heir of the throne since his birth. On whose behalf Diego of Acebo and the future Saint Dominic travelled to Denmark in 1203 to secure a bride. He died soon after returning from campaigning against the Moors.
Infanta Mafalda Plasencia,
1191 Salamanca,
1211 Betrothed in 1204 to Infante Ferdinand of Leon, eldest son of King Alfonso IX and stepson of her oldest sister.
Infanta Constanza (Constance) 1195 Las Huelgas,
1243 A nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas in 1217, she later became Abbess of her community.
Infanta Leonor (Eleanor) 1202 Las Huelgas,
1244 Married in Ágreda on 6 February 1221 with King James I of Aragon. After her marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity in April 1229, she became a nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas.
King Enrique I (Henry I) of Castile Valladolid,
14 April 1204 Palencia,
6 June 1217 Only surviving son, he succeeded his father in 1214 aged ten under the regency firstly of his mother and later his oldest sister Berengaria. Married in Burgos before 29 August 1215 with Infanta Mafalda of Portugal, the union was unconsummated and dissolved in 1216 on grounds of consanguinity. Soon after his divorce was betrothed with Infanta Sancha of León, eldest daughter of King Alfonso IX and stepdaughter of her oldest sister, but died killed by a tile coming off a roof before the marriage could be solemnized.
[edit] Notes
1.^ Titles of the European kings[dead link]
2.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 61.
3.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 61.
4.^ Foundation for Medieval Genealogy on Alfonso VIII of Castile, marriage and issues
5.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 63.
6.^ New international encyclopedia, Vol.13, (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1915), 782.
7.^ Vicaire, pp. 89–98.
BIOGRAPHY: Alfonso VIII was also known as El De Las Navas (He of Las Navas). He was the king of Castile from 1158 and the son of Sancho III, whom he succeeded when he was three years old. Before Alfonso came of age, his reign was troubled by internal strife and the intervention of the kingdom of Navarre in Castilian affairs. Throughout his reign he maintained a close alliance with the kingdom of Aragon, and in 1179 he concluded the Pact of Cazorla, which settled the future line of demarcation between Castile and Aragon when the reconquest of Moorish Spain was completed. From 1172 to 1212 he was engaged in resistance to the Moorish Almohad invaders, who defeated him in 1195. In the same year the kings of Leon and Navarre invaded Castile, but Alfonso defeated them with the aid of King Peter II of Aragon. In 1212 Alfonso secured a great victory at Las Navas de Tolosa over the Almohad sultan and thereby broke Almohad power in Spain. Alfonso VIII. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
Alfonso VIII, apodado el de las Navas o el Noble (Soria, 11 de noviembre de 1155 - Gutierre-Muñoz (Ávila), 5 de octubre de 1214). Rey de Castilla (1158 – 1214), hijo de Sancho III y Blanca de Navarra.
Accedió al trono en 1158 (es Alfonso VI el que a la muerte de Fernando I, subdivide el Gran Reino en Tres, el de Galicia, Castilla, siempre dependientes del Reino de León, de hecho no habría trono de Castilla hasta el año 1217-1230 que se sitúa la creación real de la Corona de Castilla y su posterior unión al Reino de León, formando el Reino de León y de Castilla, de hecho siempre se hacen coronar en León) a la muerte de su padre, cuando contaba tan sólo tres años. Se convierte así en motivo de conflicto entre los partidos nobiliarios que se disputaban el poder, los Lara y los Castro que pretendían su tutela y la regencia, lo mismo que reivindicaba su tío, el rey de León, Fernando II, lo cual casi provocó una guerra civil.
Un hidalgo sacó al pequeño del palacio real, poniéndolo bajo la custodia de las villas leales del norte de Castilla, San Esteban de Gormaz (Provincia de Soria) y Ávila. Ya adolescente, tuvo que luchar por la conquista de su reino. Les arrebató por sorpresa la capital, Toledo.
En 1174 cedió la Orden de Santiago a la villa de Uclés (Provincia de Cuenca), siendo desde entonces la casa principal de la orden. Desde esta plaza inicia una campaña que culmina con la reconquista de Cuenca en 1177. La ciudad se rinde el 21 de septiembre, festividad de San Mateo, celebrada desde entonces por los conquenses.
Tras fundar Plasencia en 1186, y con intención de unificar a la nobleza castellana, relanza la Reconquista, recupera parte de La Rioja que estaba en manos navarras y la reintegra a su reino. Establece una alianza con todos los reinos peninsulares cristianos -a la sazón, Portugal, León, Castilla, Navarra y Aragón- para proseguir ordenadamente conquistando las tierras ocupadas por los almohades. Así, en 1179 se firma el Tratado de Cazorla que delimitará las zonas de expansión de cada reino.
En 1195, tras la ruptura de la tregua con el Imperio almohade, acude a la defensa de Alarcos (Provincia de Ciudad Real), junto al río Guadiana, que en ese momento estaba concibiendo como el principal enclave real de la región. Allí se produce la batalla de Alarcos, donde el monarca castellano fue fuertemente derrotado por el califa almohade Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur. Tras la inmediata reocupación de toda la región por parte de los almohades, comenzando por la vecina ciudad de Calatrava (Calatrava la Vieja), la frontera entre Castilla y el Imperio almohade se traladó durante diecisiete años a los Montes de Toledo.
En 1212, con la mediación del papa Inocencio III, fue convocada una Cruzada con el fin de derrotar definitivamente el poder almohade. A ella acudieron, además de sus súbditos castellanos, aragoneses -al mando de su rey, Pedro II el Católico-, navarros -dirigidos por Sancho VII el Fuerte-, y ultramontanos -el arzobispo Arnaldo de Narbona, entre otros; y las respectivas órdenes militares. Con todos ellos y tras la recuperación de los enclaves del valle del Guadiana (Calatrava, Alarcos, Benavente, etc.- alcanzó la esperada victoria sobre el califa almohade Miramamolín en la batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, producida el 16 de julio en las inmediaciones de Santa Elena (Provincia de Jaén).
Alfonso VIII fue el fundador de la primera universidad española, el studium generale de Palencia, que decayó tras su fallecimiento. Además, su corte sería un importante instrumento cultural, con el acogimiento de trovadores y sabios, especialmente por la influencia de su esposa gascona doña Leonor (hermana de Ricardo Corazón de León). El rey se casó en septiembre de 1170 en Burgos con Leonor de Plantagenet, hija de Enrique II de Inglaterra y de Leonor de Aquitania. La influencia política y cultural de la reina fue notable, y se profesaron sincero amor.
http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cousin/html/p385.htm#i5004
Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla also went by the name of Alfonso VIII "the Noble". He was born on 11 November 1155 at Soria, Castile - León, Spain.4,5 He was the son of Sancho III Alfonsez "el Deseado", rey de Castilla and Princess Blanche Garcés de Navarre.3 King of Castile at Spain between 1158 and 1214.6,7 Styled Rex Toleti et Castelle.8 A contract for the marriage of Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou was signed in 1169 at Burgos, Castile - León, Spain. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla married reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou, daughter of Henri II "Courtmanteau", roi d' Angleterre and Aliénor d' Aquitaine, reine d' Angleterre, on 22 September 1177 at Burgos, Spain.4,9,3 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and Alfonso II "el Casto" , rey de Aragón y Cataluña were made a pact in 1179. This pact of Cazorla fixed the future zones of reconquest for the two countries. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou were founded the Monasterio de las Huelgas, a Cistercian monastery, in 1187 at Burgos, Castile - León, Spain. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla abandoned at the last minute by the fellow Christian Kingdoms of Navarre and Leon (ruled by a cousin) which led to a great Muslim victory in 1195 at the Battle of Alarcos.10 He was defeated by Abû Yûsuf Ya'qûb of the Almohads, a new Berber dynasty which invaded the muslim power vacuum in al-Andalus, in Alarcos, on the Córdoba-Toledo road in July 1195 at the Battle of Alarcos.11 Alfonso VIII of Castile, with the assistance of Sancho VII of Navarre, and Pedro II of Aragon, joined by troops from Portugal and Leon (but not the King, Alfonso the Barbarian, who again betrayed Castile), led a victory against the Moors which was the culmination of the Reconquest of Spain by the Christians. On 16 July 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He was a witness where Alfonso IX "el Barboro", rey de León repeated his betrayal against his cousin's kingdom of Castile, but this time Castile was saved by others, on 16 July 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.10 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla was able, with the assistance of fellow Christian Kingdoms, to finally defeat the Almohads decisively at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, near Bailén in northern Andalusia, the same spot where Scipio had defeated the Carthaginians more than a millennium before, on 16 July 1212.11 He died on 6 October 1214 at Gutierra Munoz, Avila, Castile, Spain, at age 58 years, 10 months and 25 days.4,3,5 He was the predecessor of rey de Castilla Henrique I Alfonsez; King of Castile.6,7 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla was buried in the Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile - León, Spain.
Nació el 11-XI-1155, en Soria. Fue rey de Castilla de 1158 a 1214. Casó, el 22-IX-1177, en Burgos, Castilla, con Leonor de Plantagenet (1162-1214), princesa de Inglaterra (ver Casa de Anjou-Plantagenet y Reyes de Inglaterra de la Casa de Wessex). Tuvieron diez hijos: Sancho, Fernando, Enrique I —rey de Castilla de 1214 a 1217—, Berenguela (que sigue), Sancha, Urraca (casada con Alfonso II de Portugal), Blanca (casada con Luis VIII de Francia), Mafalda, Leonor (casada con Jaime I de Aragón) y Constanza (abadesa de las Huelgas). Alfonso VIII murió en Gutierre de Muñóz, Ávila, Castilla, el 6-X-1214. Está enterrado, con su esposa (que murió el 25-X-1214), en el Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos.
AKA: Alfonso III. Photo is of Alfonso & Leanor's Tomb (Eleanor = Leanor).
Sources: See all mentioned on his descendants.
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Alfonso VIII, called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event that marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign also saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defense of Alarcos on the river Guadiana, then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur (Arabic: ابو يوسف يعقوب المنصور). The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next 17 years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo.
Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III, a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II, Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Narbonne all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July. The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir (الناصر لدين الله محمد بن المنصور ) was routed and Almohad power broken.
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia, which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor.
Alfonso was the subject for Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), in which is narrated an affair with a Jewish subject in medieval Toledo in a time when Spain was known to be the land of tolerance and learning for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The titular Jewish woman of the novel is based on Alfonso's historical paramour, Rahel la Fermosa.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile for more information.
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Contents
1 Regency and civil war
2 Reconquista
3 Cultural legacy
4 Children
5 Notes
6 References
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Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155, Soria – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads,[2] he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Regency and civil war
Alfonso was born to Sancho III of Castile and Blanche, daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, in Soria on 11 November 1155.[3] He was named...
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155, Soria – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads,[2] he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Regency and civil war
Alfonso was born to Sancho III of Castile and Blanche, daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, in Soria on 11 November 1155.[3] He was named after his grandfather Alfonso VII of Castile. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. His father died in 1158 when his mother was also dead. Though proclaimed king when only three years of age, he was regarded as merely nominal by the unruly nobles to whom a minority was convenient. Immediately, Castile was plunged into conflicts between the various noble houses vying for ascendancy in the inevitable regency. The devotion of a squire of his household, who carried him on the pommel of his saddle to the stronghold of San Esteban de Gormaz, saved him from falling into the hands of the contending factions. The noble houses of Lara and Castro both claimed the regency, as did the boy's uncle, Ferdinand II of León. In 1159 the young Alfonso was put briefly in the custody of García Garcés de Aza, who was not wealthy enough to support him. In March 1160 the Castro and Lara met at the Battle of Lobregal and the Castro were victorious, but the guardianship of Alfonso and the regency fell to Manrique Pérez de Lara.
Alfonso was put in the custody of the loyal village Ávila. At barely fifteen, he came forth to do a man's work by restoring his kingdom to order. It was only by a surprise that he recovered his capital Toledo from the hands of the Laras.
[edit] Reconquista
In 1174, he ceded Uclés to the Order of Santiago and afterwards this became the order's principal seat. From Uclés, he began a campaign which culminated in the reconquest of Cuenca in 1177. The city surrendered on 21 September, the feast of Saint Matthew, ever afterwards celebrated by the citizens of the town.
Alfonso took the initiative to ally all the major Christian kingdoms of the peninsula — Navarre, León, Portugal, and Aragon — against the Almohads. By the Treaty of Cazola of 1179, the zones of expansion of each kingdom were defined.
After founding Plasencia (Cáceres) in 1186, he embarked on a major initiative to unite the Castilian nobility around the Reconquista. In that year, he recuperated part of La Rioja from the Kingdom of Navarre.
In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defence of Alarcos on the river Guadiana, then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur. The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next seventeen years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo.
Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III, a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II, Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Narbonne all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July. The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir was routed and Almohad power broken.
Cultural legacy
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia, which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage (Burgos, before 17 September 1177)[4] with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor.
Alfonso died at Gutierre-Muñoz and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Henry I, named after his maternal grandfather.
Alfonso was the subject for Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), in which is narrated an affair with a Jewish subject in medieval Toledo in a time when Spain was known to be the land of tolerance and learning for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The titular Jewish woman of the novel is based on Alfonso's historical paramour, Rahel la Fermosa.
[edit] Children
With Eleanor of England he had 11 children:[5]
Name Birth Death Notes
Infanta Berenguela (Berengaria) Burgos,
1 January/
June 1180 Las Huelgas near Burgos,
8 November 1246 Married firstly in Seligenstadt on 23 April 1188 with Duke Conrad II of Swabia, but the union (only by contract and never solemnized) was later annulled. Married in Valladolid between 1/16 December 1197 with King Alfonso IX of León as her second wife.[6] After their marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity in 1204, she returned to her homeland and became regent of her minor brother King Henry I. Queen of Castile in her own right after the death of Henry I in 1214, immediately abdicated in favor of her son.
Infante Sancho Burgos,
5 April 1181 26 July 1181 Heir of the throne since his birth, died aged three months.
Infanta Sancha 20/28 March 1182 3 February 1184/
16 October 1185 Died in infancy.
Infante Enrique (Henry) 1184 1184? Heir of the throne since his birth, died either shortly after been born or in infancy. His existence is disputed among sources.
Infanta Urraca 1186/
28 May 1187 Coimbra,
3 November 1220 Married in 1206 to Prince Alfonso, who succeeded his father in 1212 as King Alfonso II of Portugal.
Infanta Blanca (Blanche) Palencia,
4 March 1188 Paris,
27 November 1252 Married in the Abbaye de Port-Mort near Pont-Audemer, Normandy on 23 May 1200 with Prince Louis, who succeeded his father in 1223 as King Louis VIII of France. Regent of the Kingdom of France during her son's minority (1226–1234) and during his absence on the Seventh Crusade.
Infante Fernando (Ferdinand) Cuenca,
29 September 1189 Madrid,
14 October 1211 Heir of the throne since his birth. On whose behalf Diego of Acebo and the future Saint Dominic travelled to Denmark in 1203 to secure a bride.[7] He died soon after returning from campaigning against the Moors.
Infanta Mafalda Plasencia,
1191 Salamanca,
1211 Betrothed in 1204 to Infante Ferdinand of Leon, eldest son of King Alfonso IX and stepson of her oldest sister.
Infanta Constanza (Constance) 1195 Las Huelgas,
1243 A nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas in 1217, she later became Abbess of her community.
Infanta Leonor (Eleanor) 1202 Las Huelgas,
1244 Married in Ágreda on 6 February 1221 with King James I of Aragon. After her marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity in April 1229, she became a nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas.
King Enrique I (Henry I) of Castile Valladolid,
14 April 1204 Palencia,
6 June 1217 Only surviving son, he succeeded his father in 1214 aged ten under the regency firstly of his mother and later his oldest sister Berengaria. Married in Burgos before 29 August 1215 with Infanta Mafalda of Portugal, the union was unconsummated and dissolved in 1216 on grounds of consanguinity. Soon after his divorce was betrothed with Infanta Sancha of León, eldest daughter of King Alfonso IX and stepdaughter of her oldest sister, but died killed by a tile coming off a roof before the marriage could be solemnized.
[edit] Notes
1.^ Titles of the European kings[dead link]
2.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 61.
3.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 61.
4.^ Foundation for Medieval Genealogy on Alfonso VIII of Castile, marriage and issues
5.^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 63.
6.^ New international encyclopedia, Vol.13, (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1915), 782.
7.^ Vicaire, pp. 89–98.
BIOGRAPHY: Alfonso VIII was also known as El De Las Navas (He of Las Navas). He was the king of Castile from 1158 and the son of Sancho III, whom he succeeded when he was three years old. Before Alfonso came of age, his reign was troubled by internal strife and the intervention of the kingdom of Navarre in Castilian affairs. Throughout his reign he maintained a close alliance with the kingdom of Aragon, and in 1179 he concluded the Pact of Cazorla, which settled the future line of demarcation between Castile and Aragon when the reconquest of Moorish Spain was completed. From 1172 to 1212 he was engaged in resistance to the Moorish Almohad invaders, who defeated him in 1195. In the same year the kings of Leon and Navarre invaded Castile, but Alfonso defeated them with the aid of King Peter II of Aragon. In 1212 Alfonso secured a great victory at Las Navas de Tolosa over the Almohad sultan and thereby broke Almohad power in Spain. Alfonso VIII. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
Alfonso VIII, apodado el de las Navas o el Noble (Soria, 11 de noviembre de 1155 - Gutierre-Muñoz (Ávila), 5 de octubre de 1214). Rey de Castilla (1158 – 1214), hijo de Sancho III y Blanca de Navarra.
Accedió al trono en 1158 (es Alfonso VI el que a la muerte de Fernando I, subdivide el Gran Reino en Tres, el de Galicia, Castilla, siempre dependientes del Reino de León, de hecho no habría trono de Castilla hasta el año 1217-1230 que se sitúa la creación real de la Corona de Castilla y su posterior unión al Reino de León, formando el Reino de León y de Castilla, de hecho siempre se hacen coronar en León) a la muerte de su padre, cuando contaba tan sólo tres años. Se convierte así en motivo de conflicto entre los partidos nobiliarios que se disputaban el poder, los Lara y los Castro que pretendían su tutela y la regencia, lo mismo que reivindicaba su tío, el rey de León, Fernando II, lo cual casi provocó una guerra civil.
Un hidalgo sacó al pequeño del palacio real, poniéndolo bajo la custodia de las villas leales del norte de Castilla, San Esteban de Gormaz (Provincia de Soria) y Ávila. Ya adolescente, tuvo que luchar por la conquista de su reino. Les arrebató por sorpresa la capital, Toledo.
En 1174 cedió la Orden de Santiago a la villa de Uclés (Provincia de Cuenca), siendo desde entonces la casa principal de la orden. Desde esta plaza inicia una campaña que culmina con la reconquista de Cuenca en 1177. La ciudad se rinde el 21 de septiembre, festividad de San Mateo, celebrada desde entonces por los conquenses.
Tras fundar Plasencia en 1186, y con intención de unificar a la nobleza castellana, relanza la Reconquista, recupera parte de La Rioja que estaba en manos navarras y la reintegra a su reino. Establece una alianza con todos los reinos peninsulares cristianos -a la sazón, Portugal, León, Castilla, Navarra y Aragón- para proseguir ordenadamente conquistando las tierras ocupadas por los almohades. Así, en 1179 se firma el Tratado de Cazorla que delimitará las zonas de expansión de cada reino.
En 1195, tras la ruptura de la tregua con el Imperio almohade, acude a la defensa de Alarcos (Provincia de Ciudad Real), junto al río Guadiana, que en ese momento estaba concibiendo como el principal enclave real de la región. Allí se produce la batalla de Alarcos, donde el monarca castellano fue fuertemente derrotado por el califa almohade Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur. Tras la inmediata reocupación de toda la región por parte de los almohades, comenzando por la vecina ciudad de Calatrava (Calatrava la Vieja), la frontera entre Castilla y el Imperio almohade se traladó durante diecisiete años a los Montes de Toledo.
En 1212, con la mediación del papa Inocencio III, fue convocada una Cruzada con el fin de derrotar definitivamente el poder almohade. A ella acudieron, además de sus súbditos castellanos, aragoneses -al mando de su rey, Pedro II el Católico-, navarros -dirigidos por Sancho VII el Fuerte-, y ultramontanos -el arzobispo Arnaldo de Narbona, entre otros; y las respectivas órdenes militares. Con todos ellos y tras la recuperación de los enclaves del valle del Guadiana (Calatrava, Alarcos, Benavente, etc.- alcanzó la esperada victoria sobre el califa almohade Miramamolín en la batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, producida el 16 de julio en las inmediaciones de Santa Elena (Provincia de Jaén).
Alfonso VIII fue el fundador de la primera universidad española, el studium generale de Palencia, que decayó tras su fallecimiento. Además, su corte sería un importante instrumento cultural, con el acogimiento de trovadores y sabios, especialmente por la influencia de su esposa gascona doña Leonor (hermana de Ricardo Corazón de León). El rey se casó en septiembre de 1170 en Burgos con Leonor de Plantagenet, hija de Enrique II de Inglaterra y de Leonor de Aquitania. La influencia política y cultural de la reina fue notable, y se profesaron sincero amor.
http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cousin/html/p385.htm#i5004
Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla also went by the name of Alfonso VIII "the Noble". He was born on 11 November 1155 at Soria, Castile - León, Spain.4,5 He was the son of Sancho III Alfonsez "el Deseado", rey de Castilla and Princess Blanche Garcés de Navarre.3 King of Castile at Spain between 1158 and 1214.6,7 Styled Rex Toleti et Castelle.8 A contract for the marriage of Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou was signed in 1169 at Burgos, Castile - León, Spain. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla married reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou, daughter of Henri II "Courtmanteau", roi d' Angleterre and Aliénor d' Aquitaine, reine d' Angleterre, on 22 September 1177 at Burgos, Spain.4,9,3 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and Alfonso II "el Casto" , rey de Aragón y Cataluña were made a pact in 1179. This pact of Cazorla fixed the future zones of reconquest for the two countries. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla and reina de Castilla Eleanor d' Anjou were founded the Monasterio de las Huelgas, a Cistercian monastery, in 1187 at Burgos, Castile - León, Spain. Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla abandoned at the last minute by the fellow Christian Kingdoms of Navarre and Leon (ruled by a cousin) which led to a great Muslim victory in 1195 at the Battle of Alarcos.10 He was defeated by Abû Yûsuf Ya'qûb of the Almohads, a new Berber dynasty which invaded the muslim power vacuum in al-Andalus, in Alarcos, on the Córdoba-Toledo road in July 1195 at the Battle of Alarcos.11 Alfonso VIII of Castile, with the assistance of Sancho VII of Navarre, and Pedro II of Aragon, joined by troops from Portugal and Leon (but not the King, Alfonso the Barbarian, who again betrayed Castile), led a victory against the Moors which was the culmination of the Reconquest of Spain by the Christians. On 16 July 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He was a witness where Alfonso IX "el Barboro", rey de León repeated his betrayal against his cousin's kingdom of Castile, but this time Castile was saved by others, on 16 July 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.10 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla was able, with the assistance of fellow Christian Kingdoms, to finally defeat the Almohads decisively at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, near Bailén in northern Andalusia, the same spot where Scipio had defeated the Carthaginians more than a millennium before, on 16 July 1212.11 He died on 6 October 1214 at Gutierra Munoz, Avila, Castile, Spain, at age 58 years, 10 months and 25 days.4,3,5 He was the predecessor of rey de Castilla Henrique I Alfonsez; King of Castile.6,7 Alfonso VIII Sánchez "el de Las Navas", rey de Castilla was buried in the Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile - León, Spain.
Nació el 11-XI-1155, en Soria. Fue rey de Castilla de 1158 a 1214. Casó, el 22-IX-1177, en Burgos, Castilla, con Leonor de Plantagenet (1162-1214), princesa de Inglaterra (ver Casa de Anjou-Plantagenet y Reyes de Inglaterra de la Casa de Wessex). Tuvieron diez hijos: Sancho, Fernando, Enrique I —rey de Castilla de 1214 a 1217—, Berenguela (que sigue), Sancha, Urraca (casada con Alfonso II de Portugal), Blanca (casada con Luis VIII de Francia), Mafalda, Leonor (casada con Jaime I de Aragón) y Constanza (abadesa de las Huelgas). Alfonso VIII murió en Gutierre de Muñóz, Ávila, Castilla, el 6-X-1214. Está enterrado, con su esposa (que murió el 25-X-1214), en el Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos.
AKA: Alfonso III. Photo is of Alfonso & Leanor's Tomb (Eleanor = Leanor).
Sources: See all mentioned on his descendants.
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Alfonso VIII, called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event that marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign also saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defense of Alarcos on the river Guadiana, then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur (Arabic: ابو يوسف يعقوب المنصور). The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next 17 years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo.
Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III, a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II, Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Narbonne all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July. The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir (الناصر لدين الله محمد بن المنصور ) was routed and Almohad power broken.
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia, which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor.
Alfonso was the subject for Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), in which is narrated an affair with a Jewish subject in medieval Toledo in a time when Spain was known to be the land of tolerance and learning for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The titular Jewish woman of the novel is based on Alfonso's historical paramour, Rahel la Fermosa.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile for more information.
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo[1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo.[1][2] He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads,[3] he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of a tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula. His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Regency and civil war [edit]
Alfonso was born to Sancho III of Castile and Blanche, daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, in Soria on 11 November 1155.[4] He was named after his grandfather Alfonso VII of Castile. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. His father died in 1158 when his mother was also dead. Though proclaimed king when only three years of age, he was regarded as merely nominal by the unruly nobles to whom a minority was convenient. Immediately, Castile was plunged into conflicts between the various noble houses vying for ascendancy in the inevitable regency. The devotion of a squire of his household, who carried him on the pommel of his saddle to the stronghold of San Esteban de Gormaz, saved him from falling into the hands of the contending factions. The noble houses of Lara and Castro both claimed the regency, as did the boy's uncle, Ferdinand II of León. In 1159 the young Alfonso was put briefly in the custody of García Garcés de Aza, who was not wealthy enough to support him. In March 1160 the Castro and Lara met at the Battle of Lobregal and the Castro were victorious, but the guardianship of Alfonso and the regency fell to Manrique Pérez de Lara. Alfonso was put in the custody of the loyal village Ávila. At barely fifteen, he came forth to do a man's work by restoring his kingdom to order. It was only by a surprise that he recovered his capital Toledo from the hands of the Laras. Reconquista [edit]
In 1174, he ceded Uclés to the Order of Santiago and afterwards this became the order's principal seat. From Uclés, he began a campaign which culminated in the reconquest of Cuenca in 1177. The city surrendered on 21 September, the feast of Saint Matthew, ever afterwards celebrated by the citizens of the town. Alfonso took the initiative to ally all the major Christian kingdoms of the peninsula — Navarre, León, Portugal, and Aragon — against the Almohads. By the Treaty of Cazola of 1179, the zones of expansion of each kingdom were defined. After founding Plasencia (Cáceres) in 1186, he embarked on a major initiative to unite the Castilian nobility around the Reconquista. In that year, he recuperated part of La Rioja from the Kingdom of Navarre. In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defence of Alarcos on the river Guadiana, then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur. The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next seventeen years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo. Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III, a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II, Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop of Narbonne, Arnaud Amalric, all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July. The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir was routed and Almohad power broken. Cultural legacy [edit]
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia, which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage (Burgos, before 17 September 1177)[5] with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor. Alfonso died at Gutierre-Muñoz and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Henry I, named after his maternal grandfather. Alfonso was the subject for Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), in which is narrated an affair with a Jewish subject in medieval Toledo in a time when Spain was known to be the land of tolerance and learning for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The titular Jewish woman of the novel is based on Alfonso's historical paramour, Rahel la Fermosa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile
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Also Known As: English (default): Alfonso VIII Sánchez [Borgoña-Ivrea] de Castilla ; Alfonso VIII 'el de Las Navas' de Castilla ; Alfonso VIII 'el noble' de Castilla, Alfonso VIII // King of Castile, Alfonso /Sanchez/, the Noble or Él de las Navas, el de las Navas, Alfonso VIII the Nob...
Occupation: Rey de Castilla [1158 - 1214], King of Castilla, Rey de Castilla, Kung, roi de Castille, Rey de Castilla., Roi, de Castille, King, Rey de Castilla 1158 - 1214, Kung i Kastiliern 1158-1214, King of Castile, Count of Gascogne, Rey de León y de Castilla
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Linea Genetica N°1 FAMILIA |•••► ALFONSO
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.- 1155 ALFONSO VIII EL NOBLE, REY DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España
PADRE: Sancho III de Castilla
MADRE: Blanca De Navarra, Reina Consorte De Castilla
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2.- 1133 SANCHO III DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España
PADRE: Alfonso VII de León y de Castilla
MADRE: Berenguela De Barcelona, Reina Consort De Lleó I Castella
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3.- 1105 ALFONSO VII DE LEÓN Y DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:
PADRE: Raymond of Burgundy, Count of Galicia
MADRE: Urraca I, reina de Castilla y León
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4.- RAYMOND OF BURGUNDY, COUNT OF GALICIA |•••► Pais:
PADRE:
MADRE:
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Linea Genetica N°2 FAMILIA |•••► BLANCA
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1.- 1137 BLANCA DE NAVARRA, REINA CONSORTE DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España
PADRE: García Vi El Restaurador, Rey De Navarra
MADRE: Marguerite de l'Aigle
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2.- 1105 GARCÍA VI EL RESTAURADOR, REY DE NAVARRA |•••► Pais:España
PADRE: Ramiro Sánchez, señor de Monzón
MADRE: Elvira Cristina Rodriguez Diaz de Vivar
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