29 ° Bisabuelo de: Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo
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Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl' is your 29th great grandfather.You→ Carlos Juan Felipe Antonio Vicente De La Cruz Urdaneta Alamo→ Enrique Jorge Urdaneta Lecuna
your father → Carlos Urdaneta Carrillo
his father → Enrique Urdaneta Maya, Dr.
his father → Josefa Alcira Maya de la Torre y Rodríguez
his mother → Vicenta Rodríguez Uzcátegui
her mother → María Celsa Uzcátegui Rincón
her mother → Sancho Antonio de Uzcátegui Briceño
her father → Jacobo de Uzcátegui Bohorques
his father → Luisa Jimeno de Bohorques Dávila
his mother → Juan Jimeno de Bohórquez
her father → Luisa Velásquez de Velasco
his mother → Juan Velásquez de Velasco y Montalvo, Gobernador de La Grita
her father → Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
his father → María Enríquez de Acuña
his mother → Inés Enríquez y Quiñones
her mother → Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, 2º Almirante Mayor de Castilla, Conde de Melgar y Rueda
her father → Alonso Enríquez de Castilla, 1er. Almirante Mayor de Castilla, Señor de Medina de Rio Seco
his father → Yonati bat Gedaliah, Paloma
his mother → Gedalia Shlomo ibn ben Shlomo ibn Yaḥyā haZaken
her father → Shlomo ben Yahya ibn Yahya
his father → Yosef ibn Yahya HaZaken
his father → Don Yehuda ibn Yahya ibn Ya'ish
his father → Don Yahya "el Negro"
his father → Yehudah "Ya'ish" ben Yahuda ibn ben Yahudah ibn Yaḥyā, senhor de Aldeia dos Negros
his father → Hayy "Hiyya" ibn Ya'ish ibn Ya'ish ben ben David al-Daudi, HaNasi
his father → David "Ya'ish" ibn Hiyya
his father → Yehudah Hayy "Yahya" ben Hiyya, Nasi, Ra'is b'Rabbanan al-Tulaytula
his father → Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī "Hiyya al-Daudi", Qaḍī of Cordoba & Toledo
his father → Abu Suleiman David ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ ben Yehuda Ibn Ya Ish ben Zakai II ben Zakai II, Nasi, Qāḍī, haDayyan of Toledo
his father → Yehudah "Zakhai" Natan ben Avraham al-Andalusi Nasi, Qadi de Sidonia ben Avraham al-Andalusī, Nasi, Qaḍī of Sidonia
his father → Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl'
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Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim Sahl (abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Nag'hdilah ibn Ata al-Yahudi, haRoffeh) Exilarch, Rosh Golah of Judah ibn al-Nag'hdīlah ibn Ata al-yahūdī, haRoffe al-Galut 'Mar Sahl' MP
Gender: Male
Birth: circa 965
al-Mahdiyya, Tunisia
Death: 1053 (84-92)
القاهرة, Egypt
Immediate Family:
Son of 'Nathan HaBabli' ben Abu Ishaq Avraham Nasi, 2nd. Exilarca Mar Uqba HaRofeh, Qadi al-Qayraw ben Abu Ishaq Avraham, Exilarch 'Mar Uqba HaRofeh', Qadi al-Qayrawānī and ??? bat Mevorakh ben Eli
Husband of unknown bat David ben Zakkai Ha Nasi de Bavli bat David ben Zakkai HaNasi of Bavli
Father of Abu Musa Levi bar Ishaq ibn Mar Sahl; Abu Yosef Yakob ben Amram ibn Mar Sahl al-Nag'hdīlah; Yehudah "Zakhai" Natan ben Avraham al-Andalusi Nasi, Qadi de Sidonia ben Avraham al-Andalusī, Nasi, Qaḍī of Sidonia; Abu Sahl Nathan ben Abraham, Nasi and Yosef ben 'Amram, haDayyan of Sijilmasa
Brother of Abu ’l-Hasan ʿAlī ben al-Sh̲aybānī al-Kātib al-Mag̲h̲ribī al-Qayrawānī Ibn Abi ’l-Rid̲j̲āl and ʿAbd Allāh ben Muḥammad al-Manṣūriyya
Added by: Alex Ronald Keith Paz on June 14, 2008
Managed by: Jaim David Harlow, J2b2a1a1a1b3c and 8 others
Curated by: Jaim David Harlow, J2b2a1a1a1b3c
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Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn ʿAṭāʾ (Abraham ben Nathan) was leader of Qayrawan Jewry in the first third of the eleventh century. He was a member of a wealthy elite that included the Ben Berekhiah, Tahertī, and Ibn al-Majjānī families. His father, Nathan, may have been a communal official, although this is not clear. He was a major supporter of the academy (bet midrash) in Qayrawan and was also a generous contributor to the Babylonian yeshivot, particularly to the Sura yeshiva, the renewal of which he helped to finance. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ served as court physician to the Zirid amirs Bādis (r. 996–1016) and al-Muʿizz (r. 1016–1062) in al-Mahdiyya.
Due to his access to the ruler, he bore the honorific title rosh kol ha-qehillot (Heb. head of all the congregations). In late 1015, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ received the title of negid ha-gola (Heb. nagid of the exile) from Hay Gaon of the Pumbedita yeshiva. He was the first Diaspora leader to hold this exalted title. According to a letter in the Cairo Geniza (Bodl MS Heb. D 65, f.9), he was on a military campaign with Bādis when word of the title arrived.
Despite his distinguished position at court, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ was publicly insulted while bearing a message from al-Muʿizz to the great Maliki scholar Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī. The latter became furious when he mistook the Jew for a Muslim because he was not wearing the ghiyār badge. The zealous jurist stained the nagid’s turban on the spot to mark him as a dhimmī and sent him packing. When Ibn ʿAṭāʾ sought redress from the ruler, he was rebuffed and told that this was a lesson “showing the power of Islam and the veneration inspired by Muslim scholars.”
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Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn ʿAṭāʾ (Abraham ben Nathan) fue líder de la comunidad judía de Qayrawan en el primer tercio del siglo XI. Era miembro de una élite rica que incluía a las familias Ben Berekhiah, Tahertī e Ibn al-Majjānī. Su padre, Nathan, puede haber sido un funcionario comunal, aunque esto no está claro. Fue un gran defensor de la academia (apuesta midrash) en Qayrawan y también fue un generoso contribuyente al yeshivot babilónico, particularmente al Sura yeshiva, cuya renovación ayudó a financiar. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ se desempeñó como médico de la corte de los emires Zirid Bādis (r. 996-1016) y al-Muʿizz (r. 1016-1062) en al-Mahdiyya.
Debido a su acceso al gobernante, llevaba el título honorífico de rosh kol ha-qehillot (heb. Jefe de todas las congregaciones). A finales de 1015, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ recibió el título de neg-ha-gola (heb. Nagid del exilio) de Hay Gaon de la yeshiva de Pumbedita. Fue el primer líder de la diáspora en tener este título exaltado. Según una carta en el Cairo Geniza (Bodl MS Heb. D 65, f.9), estaba en una campaña militar con Bādis cuando llegó la noticia del título.
A pesar de su distinguida posición en la corte, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ fue insultado públicamente mientras llevaba un mensaje de al-Muʿizz al gran erudito de Maliki Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī. Este último se enfureció cuando confundió al judío con un musulmán porque no llevaba la insignia de ghiyār. El jurista celoso manchó el turbante del nagid en el acto para marcarlo como un dhimmī y lo envió a empacar. Cuando Ibn ʿAṭāʾ buscó reparación del gobernante, fue rechazado y le dijeron que esta era una lección "que muestra el poder del Islam y la veneración inspirada por los eruditos musulmanes".
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Ibn ʿAṭāʾ was honored in a number of Hebrew poems by Isaac Ibn Khalfūn and in a panegyric by Hay Gaon himself. Israel ben Samuel ben Hophni dedicated a book on the laws of prayer to Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, and an unknown author dedicated a philosophical treatise on the divine attributes to him. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ died sometime during the 1030s and was succeeded in the office of nagid by Jacob ben Amram.
Avraham ben Nathan Nagid HaGolei was the first Nagid of Kairouan half-brother of Samuel HaNagid. He was a close personal friend of Nehorai ben Nissim (Gaon of Kairouan). He befriended the son of Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a/k/a Abu Yūsuf Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt[1]); the son's name was Yehuda ben Yosef Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a/k/a Abu Yehuda Yūsuf ben Hasdia Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt[1]) – a/k/a “Judah ben Joseph”. In the Maghreb, the term nagid first came into use in Ifrīqiya (medieval Tunisia). Goitein believed it was originally an honorific bestowed by the Babylonian geonim upon their supporters in Qayrawan rather than an official title. The first person so styled was Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAṭāʾ, court physician to the Zīrīd amirs. Ibrāhīm’s successor, Jacob ben Amram(fl. 1030s–1050s), was also a courtier of the Zīrīds. Neither of these men officially had the status of raʾīs al-yahūd( head of the Jews), as did later Egyptian nagids; the title was not connected to the institution of the negidate that developed in Egypt.
Judah ben Joseph had a business relationship with the “Regent” of the Zirid-Fatimid Empire based in Kairouan; she was sister of Ma‘ādh Abū Tamīm ibn Badis al-Mu‘izz li Dīn Allāh (932 – 975) (her name was Umm al-'Aziz) – she had a fleet of ships she rented to Judah ben Joseph. This gave Judah ben Joseph a competitive advantage over all other shippers in the Mediterranean Basin – he could get his products transported on ships protected by the Fatmid Army and Navy.
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Ibn ʿAṭāʾ fue honrado en varios poemas hebreos por Isaac Ibn Khalfūn y en un panegírico por el propio Hay Gaon. Israel ben Samuel ben Hophni dedicó un libro sobre las leyes de la oración a Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, y un autor desconocido le dedicó un tratado filosófico sobre los atributos divinos. Ibn ʿAṭāʾ murió en algún momento durante la década de 1030 y Jacob ben Amram le sucedió en el oficio de Nagid.
Avraham ben Nathan Nagid HaGolei fue el primer Nagid de Kairouan medio hermano de Samuel HaNagid. Era un amigo personal cercano de Nehorai ben Nissim (Gaon de Kairouan). Se hizo amigo del hijo de Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a / k / a Abu Yūsuf Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt [1]); el nombre del hijo era Yehuda ben Yosef Hasdai ibn Yitzhak Ibn Shaprut (a / k / a Abu Yehuda Yūsuf ben Hasdia Hasdai ibn Isḥāq ibn Ezra ibn Shaprūt [1]) - a / k / a “Judah ben Joseph”. En el Magreb, el término nagid se utilizó por primera vez en Ifrīqiya (Túnez medieval). Goitein creía que originalmente era un honorífico otorgado por los geonim babilonios a sus partidarios en Qayrawan en lugar de un título oficial. La primera persona con ese estilo fue Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAṭāʾ, médico de la corte de los emires de Zīrīd. El sucesor de Ibrāhīm, Jacob ben Amram (fl. 1030s-1050s), también fue un cortesano de los Zīrīds. Ninguno de estos hombres tenía oficialmente el estatus de raʾīs al-yahūd (jefe de los judíos), al igual que las nagidas egipcias posteriores; El título no estaba relacionado con la institución de la negociación que se desarrolló en Egipto.
Judah ben Joseph tenía una relación comercial con el "Regente" del Imperio Zirid-Fatimid con sede en Kairouan; ella era hermana de Ma‘ādh Abū Tamīm ibn Badis al-Mu‘izz li Dīn Allāh (932-975) (su nombre era Umm al-'Aziz) - tenía una flota de barcos que alquiló a Judah ben Joseph. Esto le dio a Judah ben Joseph una ventaja competitiva sobre todos los demás cargadores en la cuenca del Mediterráneo: podía transportar sus productos en barcos protegidos por el Ejército y la Armada Fatmid.
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Al-Muʿizz, was the most powerful of the Fāṭimid caliphs, whose armies conquered Egypt and who made the newly founded Al-Qāhirah, or Cairo, his capital in 972–973. He was about 22 years of age when he succeeded his father, al-Mansur, in 953 with the title of al-Muʿizz. His authority was acknowledged over the greater part of the region now comprising Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and he soon took the island of Sicily.
Al-Muʻizz was renowned for his tolerance of other religions, and was popular among his Jewish and Christian subjects. He is also credited for having commissioned the invention of the first fountain pen. In 953, al-Muizz demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir. As recorded by Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (d. 974) in his Kitdb al-Majalis wa 'l-musayardt, al-Mu’izz commissioned the construction of the pen instructing:[2]
‘We wish to construct a pen which can be used for writing without having recourse to an ink-holder and whose ink will be contained inside it. A person can fill it with ink and write whatever he likes. The writer can put it in his sleeve or anywhere he wishes and it will not stain nor will any drop of ink leak out of it. The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write. We are unaware of anyone previously ever constructing (a pen such as this) and an indication of ‘penetrating wisdom’ to whoever contemplates it and realises its exact significance and purpose’. I exclaimed, ‘Is this possible?’ He replied, ‘It is possible if God so wills’.
Nehorai ben Nissim, the son of Nissim ben Jacob in Fostat, was a close business partner with Abu l'Qasim Abd al-Rahman – son of the Caliph of Cordoba. Avraham ben Nathan was not as flamboyant as his older half-brother nor as brilliant. Due to his mis-steps, his history is sparse and fragmentary.
Samuel ben Hofni was the Gaon of Sura, his son after him wrote a book concerning the laws of prayer for “ourt lord and master Nathan, head of the communities and referes to Abraham as “the Banner of the faith and the crown of the nation”.
Avraham played a central role in in organizing the flow of money from Kairouan to the Yeshivot of the East. In order to transfer monies he maintained close contact with the Maghribis who had settled in Fostat (Yakob ibn 'Awkal, his son Yosef ibn 'Awkal, and Abu l'Chayr Musa ben Barhun a/k/a Moshe ben Abraham).
Hai ben Sherira Gaon wrote a poem in honor of Avraham referring to him as “the Nagid of the Nation and head of its sedarim and Master and Minister of all the Jews”.
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Al-Muʿizz, fue el más poderoso de los califas Fāṭimid, cuyos ejércitos conquistaron Egipto y que hicieron de la recién fundada Al-Qāhirah, o El Cairo, su capital en 972–973. Tenía unos 22 años cuando sucedió a su padre, al-Mansur, en 953 con el título de al-Muʿizz. Su autoridad fue reconocida en la mayor parte de la región que ahora comprende Marruecos, Argelia y Túnez, y pronto tomó la isla de Sicilia.
Al-Muʻizz era conocido por su tolerancia a otras religiones, y era popular entre sus súbditos judíos y cristianos. También se le atribuye haber encargado la invención de la primera pluma estilográfica. En 953, al-Muizz exigió un bolígrafo que no manchara sus manos o ropa, y se le proporcionó un bolígrafo que contenía tinta en un depósito. Según lo registrado por Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (muerto en 974) en su Kitdb al-Majalis wa 'l-musayardt, al-Mu’izz encargó la construcción de la pluma instruyendo: [2]
‘Deseamos construir un bolígrafo que pueda usarse para escribir sin tener que recurrir a un titular de tinta y cuya tinta estará contenida dentro de él. Una persona puede llenarlo con tinta y escribir lo que quiera. El escritor puede ponerlo en su manga o en cualquier lugar que desee y no se manchará ni se le escapará una gota de tinta. La tinta fluirá solo cuando haya una intención de escribir. No conocemos a nadie que haya construido anteriormente (un bolígrafo como este) y una indicación de "sabiduría penetrante" para quien lo contemple y se dé cuenta de su significado y propósito exactos. Exclamé: "¿Es esto posible?" Él respondió: "Es posible si Dios así lo quiere".
Nehorai ben Nissim, hijo de Nissim ben Jacob en Fostat, era un socio comercial cercano con Abu l'Qasim Abd al-Rahman, hijo del califa de Córdoba. Abraham Ben Nathan no era tan extravagante como su medio hermano mayor ni tan brillante. Debido a sus errores, su historia es escasa y fragmentaria.
Samuel ben Hofni fue el Gaón de Sura, su hijo después de él escribió un libro sobre las leyes de oración para "nuestro señor y maestro Nathan, jefe de las comunidades y se refiere a Abraham como" el estandarte de la fe y la corona de la nación ".
Abraham desempeñó un papel central en la organización del flujo de dinero desde Kairuán a las Yeshivot del Este. Para transferir dinero mantuvo un contacto cercano con los Maghribis que se habían establecido en Fostat (Yakob ibn 'Awkal, su hijo Yosef ibn' Awkal y Abu l'Chayr Musa ben Barhun a / k / a Moshe ben Abraham).
Hai ben Sherira Gaon escribió un poema en honor a Abraham refiriéndose a él como "el Nagid de la Nación y jefe de sus sedarim y Maestro y Ministro de todos los judíos".
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According to Geniza fragments Avraham was not a modest or humble man but he did manage to calm the anger of his father towards Shmuel HaNagid. Avraham ben Nathan was the first nagid of the Jewish community of Kairouan appointed by Hayya Gaon in 1015 CE. Avraham ben Nathan was also known by his Arabic name Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim ibn Ata, was wealthy, concerned with the welfare of others, a scholar, and a general in the army of the Zirids (successors of the Fatimids).
He was court physician to Badis (Zirid Sultan), the viceroy of Tunisia, and to al-Mu'izz his son and successor. Al-Muizz eventually moves his caliphate headquarters from Kairouan to Mahdia on the Tunisian coast after he loses Kairouan to the Banu Hilal (am Arab Bedouin tribe of Fatimids sent to punish the Zirids for abandoning Shi'ite Islam; while in Tunisia, the Banu Hilal attaked the adjacent Hammadids for abandoning Shi'ism and returning to Maliki Sunni Islam thereby acknowledging the Abassids as rightful Caliphs.
Al-Mu'izz declares independence from the Fatimid Caliphate and later moves to Cairo where Avraham becomes Nagid. His half-brother, Samuel HaNagid, travelled with Habus and Badis to Granada where he ruled the Zirid possessions...leaving Tunisia to the Administration of his younger brother. Abraham did much for the Jewish communities of North Africa and Tyre.
Two poems praising him are known to exist. Isḥāq ibn Khalfon, the court poet, dedicated several of his poems to his benefactor. He was honored in a song of praise by Rav Hai Gaon of Pumbeditha.
Thus begins a family of warrior-scholars – Ibn Yahya
. Abraham Ben Nathan brokers the support of Solomon Ibn Gavirol by Josef Ibn Ferruziel. Please note the Mu'tazilite School of Islam was founded by Abū Ḥudhayfah Wāṣil ibn ‘Aṭā’ was a protégé of the Banū Ḍabbah, or it is also said of the Banū Makhsūm. His birth was at al-Madīnah and he was called al-Ghazzāli because of his frequenting Sūq al-Ghazl in order to become acquainted with the chaste women, to whom he distributed his alms.
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Según los fragmentos de Geniza, Abraham no era un hombre modesto o humilde, pero logró calmar la ira de su padre hacia Shmuel HaNagid. Avraham ben Nathan fue el primer nagid de la comunidad judía de Kairouan nombrada por Hayya Gaon en 1015 CE. Avraham ben Nathan también era conocido por su nombre árabe Abu Isḥāq Ibrahim ibn Ata, era rico, preocupado por el bienestar de los demás, un erudito y un general en el ejército de los ziríes (sucesores de los fatimíes).
Fue médico de la corte de Badis (Zirid Sultan), el virrey de Túnez, y de al-Mu'izz, su hijo y sucesor. Al-Muizz finalmente traslada su cuartel general del califato de Kairouan a Mahdia en la costa tunecina después de perder a Kairouan en el Banu Hilal (soy una tribu beduina árabe de fatimíes enviados a castigar a los zirids por abandonar el Islam chiíta; mientras que en Túnez, el Banu Hilal atacó a los Hammadids adyacentes por abandonar el chiismo y regresar al Islam sunita de Maliki, reconociendo así a los Abassids como legítimos califas.
Al-Mu'izz declara su independencia del califato fatimí y luego se muda a El Cairo, donde Abraham se convierte en Nagid. Su medio hermano, Samuel HaNagid, viajó con Habus y Badis a Granada, donde gobernó las posesiones ziridas ... dejando Túnez a la Administración de su hermano menor. Abraham hizo mucho por las comunidades judías del norte de África y Tiro.
Se sabe que existen dos poemas que lo alaban. Isḥāq ibn Khalfon, el poeta de la corte, dedicó varios de sus poemas a su benefactor. Fue honrado en una canción de alabanza por Rav Hai Gaon de Pumbeditha.
Así comienza una familia de guerreros eruditos - Ibn Yahya
. Abraham Ben Nathan corre el apoyo de Solomon Ibn Gavirol por Josef Ibn Ferruziel. Tenga en cuenta que la Escuela del Islam Mu'tazilite fue fundada por Abū Ḥudhayfah Wāṣil ibn ‘Aṭā’ fue un protegido de los Banū Ḍabbah, o también se dice de los Banū Makhsūm. Su nacimiento fue en al-Madīnah y fue llamado al-Ghazzāli debido a su frecuente Sūq al-Ghazl para conocer a las mujeres castas, a quienes distribuyó sus limosnas.
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The position of “Nagid of Cairo” is filled many years later by Maimonides. Avraham ben Nathan had at least three (3) sons –
1) Yitzhak Abraham [Yitzchak 'Amram ben Avraham (a/k/a “Zakai ben Abraham”)]
2) Yakob ben 'Amram (the 2nd Nagid of Kairouan),
3) Nathan - Nathan traveled to [Sijilmasa] to act as Rabbi and extend the reach of his brothers.
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La posición de "Nagid of Cairo" es ocupada muchos años después por Maimónides. Abraham ben Nathan tuvo al menos tres (3) hijos:
1) Itzjak Abraham [Itzjak 'Amram ben Avraham (a / k / a “Zakai ben Abraham”)]
2) Yakob ben 'Amram (la segunda Nagid de Kairouan),
3) Nathan - Nathan viajó a [Sijilmasa] para actuar como Rabino y extender el alcance de sus hermanos.
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Ben-Sasson, Menahem. The Emergence of the Local Jewish Community in the Muslim World: Qayrawan, 800–1057 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996) [Hebrew].
Davidson, Israel. “Poetic Fragments from the Genizah: II. From a Divan of a North African Poet,” Jewish Quarterly Review, n.s. 1, no. 2 (October 1910): 231–247.
Gil, Moshe, “The Babylonian Yeshivot and the Maghrib in the Early Middle Ages,” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 57 (1990–1991): 108–115.
Stillman, Norman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979), pp. 46, 63, 183–185.
———. “Un témoignage contemporain de l’histoire de la Tunisie Ziride,” Hespéris-Tamuda 13 (1972): 37–59.
Norman A. Stillman. " Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm (Abraham ben Nathan)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online , 2012. Reference. Jim Harlow. 03 July 2012
“A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Volume 1” by Moshe Gil, CUP Archive, 1992 ISBN0521404371, 9780521404372
“Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages” by Moshe Gil & David Strassler Translated byDavid Strassler, BRILL, ISBN900413882X, 9789004138827
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