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his mother → Sancho Manuel de Villena Castañeda, señor del Infantado y Carrión de los Céspedes
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Ferdinand "the Saint" de Castilla y León MP
Spanish: Santo Rey Don Fernando Rey de Castilla (1217-1252), Rey de (1230-1252), Rey de Toledo, Galicia, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia y Jaén Fernando III «el Santo» de Castilla y León, Rey de Castilla y León
Gender: Male
Birth: August 05, 1199
Peleas de Arriba, Zamora, Castilla y León, Spain
Death: May 30, 1252 (52)
Sevilla, Andalucia, España
Place of Burial: Catedral de Santa María de la Sede de Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucia, España
Immediate Family:
Son of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berenguela I la Grande, reina de Castilla
Husband of Elizabeth of Swabia and Juana de Danmartín, reina consorte de Castilla
Father of Alfonso X el Sabio, rey de Castilla y León; Fadrique Fernández de Castilla; Fernando de Castilla y León; Leonor de Borgoña, infanta de Castilla y León; Berenguela de Borgoña, infanta de Castilla y León and 10 others
Brother of Leonor, infanta de León; Constanza, infanta de León; Alfonso de León, señor de Molina y Mesa and Berenguela de León, emperatriz consorte de Constantinopla
Half brother of Mayor Alfonso de León; Sancha, infanta de León; Fernando, infante de León; Dulce de León, señora de Valdeorras; Urraca de León, señora consorte de Vizcaya and 13 others
Added by: Jeremy Smith on January 29, 2007
Managed by: Doctor Leopoldo José Briceño-Iragorry Calcaño, MD and 432 others
Curated by: Luis Enrique Echeverría Domínguez, Curator
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Excellent bio and breakdown of complicated family: http://edwardthesecond.blogspot.co.uk/2009/07/spanish-warrior-saint.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
Fernando III de Castilla y León
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_III_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n
Fernando III de Castilla y de León, llamado el Santo (Peleas de Arriba, o Bolaños de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, c. 5 de agosto de 1199 – Sevilla, 30 de mayo 1252), fue Rey de Castilla (1217 – 1252) y de León (1230 – 1252). Es también conocido como Santo Rey Don Fernando, que fue canonizado por la Iglesia Católica en 1671, siendo Papa Clemente X. Asimismo fue el fundador de la villa de La Rinconada.
Hijo del rey Alfonso IX de León y de Berenguela de Castilla, el Papa Inocencio III declaró nulo en 1204 el matrimonio alegando el parentesco de los cónyuges, tras lo cual Berenguela volvió a la corte de su padre (el rey de Castilla) con todos sus hijos.
En 1219 casó con Elisabeth Hohenstaufen (Beatriz de Suabia) con la que tuvo diez hijos:
1) Alfonso, su sucesor
2) Fadrique
3) Fernando (1225–1243/1248)
4) Leonor (nacida 1227), muerta joven
5) Berenguela (1228–1288/89)
6) Enrique
7) Felipe (1231–1274)
8) Sancho, Arzobispo de Toledo y Sevilla (1233–1261)
9) Manuel, Señor de Villena
10) María, muerta en la infancia
Tras quedar viudo, casa en 1237 con Juana de Danmartín y tienen cinco hijos:
1) Fernando (1239–1269), conde de Aumale
2) Leonor, casada con Eduardo I de Inglaterra
3) Luis (1243–1269), casado con Juana Gómez de Manzanedo
4) Jimeno (1244), muerto joven y enterrado en un monasterio de Toledo
5) Juan (1245), muerto joven y enterrado en la catedral de Córdoba
Tras la temprana muerte del rey de Castilla Enrique I, hermano menor de su madre y la abdicación de ésta, obtiene en 1217 el reino de Castilla, en un acto realizado en la Plaza Mayor de Valladolid. Una vez nombrado rey, tuvo que enfrentarse a la casa de los Lara por una revuelta nobiliaria, fomentada por el vecino Reino de León. Contrae matrimonio con Beatriz de Suabia (1219). A partir de 1224, aprovechando las discordias surgidas entre los almohades a la muerte de Abu Yacub Yusuf, dedicó su esfuerzo a dirigir las campañas de conquista de los territorios dominados por los musulmanes, combinando hábilmente las acciones diplomáticas con beneficiosas intervenciones bélicas que se valían de las discordias existentes en los distintos reinos musulmanes. Así, entre 1225 y 1227 las tropas castellanas se hacen con Andújar, Martos y Baeza, lugares clave para la conquista de Andalucía.
A la muerte de su padre Alfonso IX en 1230, rey de León, los partidarios de Fernando no respetaron su testamento, reivindicando el trono de León, que el rey, su padre, había legado a Sancha y Dulce, hijas de su matrimonio con Teresa de Portugal. Tras una reunión entre las dos princesas, Teresa de Portugal y Berenguela de Castilla, se firma el Tratado de Valencia de Don Juan, en el que se declara la inviabilidad del testamento de Alfonso IX y el traspaso de la corona de León a Fernando a cambio de una compensación económica a Dulce y Sancha, que incluía la cesión de tierras que se reincorporarían a Castilla cuando éstas murieran. De ese modo se unieron dinásticamente -siguieron conservando Cortes, leyes e instituciones diferentes- León y Castilla en la persona de Fernando.
Tras lograr la unión de sus reinos, se dedica de manera sistemática a la conquista del valle del Guadalquivir. En 1231 tomó el pueblo de Cazorla en Jaén, junto al arzobispo de Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada. Las fuerzas reales se adueñan posteriormente de la campiña cordobesa y de forma inesperada se apoderan de la capital cordobesa en 1236. En 1243, el rey del taifa de Murcia se sometió a vasallaje y poco después su hijo, el Infante Alfonso, ocupó el reino murciano de forma pacífica. En 1244, se establecen las fronteras con el Reino de Aragón en el Tratado de Almizra, asignando al reino de Castilla las plazas de Orihuela, Elche y Alicante.
Desde entonces fue avanzando por el Guadalquivir. Jaén es conquistada tras años de ataques en 1246, y en noviembre del año 1248 se apodera de Sevilla, tras quince meses de asedio y con el auxilio del marino Ramón de Bonifaz, a quien el rey había encargado en 1247 la formación de una flota con naves procedentes del Cantábrico y con la que habría de remontar el río Guadalquivir y completar el cerco sobre la ciudad. A la toma de Sevilla siguió la de Medina Sidonia y Arcos de la Frontera, entre otras. Cuando falleció en 1252, preparaba una expedición contra el norte de África, tratando de evitar las posibles amenazas que pudieran proceder de esa zona.
Ferdinand III King of Castille (M)
b. circa 1200, d. 30 May 1252, #474
Ferdinand III King of Castille married Joan (?), daughter of Simon Dammartin Count of Aumale & Ponthieu and Mary (?). Ferdinand III King of Castille was born circa 1200. He was the son of Alphonso IX King of Leon and Castile and Berengia (?) Queen of Castile. Ferdinand III King of Castille died on 30 May 1252.
Child of Ferdinand III King of Castille and Joan (?):
Eleanor (?)+ b. c 1244, d. 29 Nov 1290
Ferdinand III of Castile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Saint Ferdinand III
Born July 30 or August 5, 1199, monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora)
Died May 30, 1252, Sevilla, Spain
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Canonized 1271, Rome by Pope Clement X
Major shrine Cathedral of Sevilla
Feast May 30
Patronage University of Salamanca; Lucena City Cathedral of Burgos; Lucena Cathedral ; Cathedral of Sevilla; of friars (Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian)
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
United arms of Castile and León which Ferdinand first used.The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[1] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church. On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[4] He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[5] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
Saint Ferdinand III (August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of Galicia and Leon from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and Galicia-León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents' marriage was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity.
Marriages and family
Statue of Ferdinand III by G.D. Olivieri (1753, Madrid).
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1. Alfonso X, his successor
2. Fadrique
3. Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
4. Eleanor (born 1227), died young
5. Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
6. Henry
7. Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
8. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
9. Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
10. Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he was widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1. Ferdinand (1239–1260), Count of Aumale
2. Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England
3. Louis (1243–1269)
4. Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
5. John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
References
* González, Julio. Reinado y Diplomas de Fernando III, i: Estudio. 1980.
* Menocal, María Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 2002. ISBN 0316168718
* Edwards, John. Christian Córdoba: The City and its Region in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press: 1982.
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Madre to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[2] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[3] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[4]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[5] He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[6] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1. Alfonso X, his successor
2. Fadrique
3. Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
4. Eleanor (born 1227), died young
5. Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
6. Henry
7. Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
8. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
9. Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
10. Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1. Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
2. Eleanor, married Edward I of England
3. Louis (1243–1269)
4. Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
5. John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
This person and their pedigree are currently documented from "The Royal Lineage of Our Noble and Gentle Families together with Their Paternal Ancestry" Compiled by Joseph Foster, 1885
[Source: http://www.archive.org/details/royallineageofou02fost ]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
Ferdinand III (30 July or 5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252), called the Saint, was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonised in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Spain. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the military orders, the Church, and the nobility, whom he enfeoffed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
United arms of Castile and León which Ferdinand first used.The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Madre to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[2] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[3] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the church: that of friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[4]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[5] He was buried within the Great Mosque of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[6] Ferdinand was canonised by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
[edit] Marriages and family
Monument to Ferdinand III of Castile, patron saint of San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela.In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor
Fadrique
Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
Eleanor (born 1227), died young
Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
Henry
Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Christine, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
Eleanor, married Edward I of England
Louis (1243–1269)
Jimeno (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Madre to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated. Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city. Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.
On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests. He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian. St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
Marriages and family
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1. Alfonso X, his successor
2. Fadrique
3. Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
4. Eleanor (born 1227), died young
5. Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
6. Henry
7. Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his fathers that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
8. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
9. Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
10. Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1. Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
2. Eleanor, married Edward I of England
3. Louis (1243–1269)
4. Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
5. John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
References
González, Julio. Reinado y Diplomas de Fernando III, i: Estudio. 1980.
Menocal, María Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 2002. ISBN 0316168718
Edwards, John. Christian Córdoba: The City and its Region in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press: 1982.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
King Fernando - In 1217 Ferdinand became King of Castile, which crown his mother renounced in his favour, and in 1230 he succeeded to the crown of Leon, though not without civil strife, since many were opposed to the union of the two kingdoms. He took as his counsellors the wisest men in the State, saw to the strict administration of justice, and took the greatest care not to overburden his subjects with taxation, fearing, as he said, the curse of one poor woman more than a whole army of Saracens.
The greatest joys of his life were the conquests of Cordova (1236) and Seville (1248). He turned the great mosques of these places into cathedrals, dedicating them to the Blessed Virgin. He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valour, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles.
See link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
Fernando "the Saint" was crowned King of Castile in 1217 and King of Leon in 1230.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ferdinand
King of Castile
Saint Ferdinand III (5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of Galicia and Leon from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and Galicia-León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey.
Ferdinand III of Castile was the son of Alfonso IX, King of Leon, and Berengaria, daughter of Alfonso III, King of Castile (Spain). He was declared king of Castile at age eighteen. Ferdinand was born near Salamanca; proclaimed king of Palencia, Valladolid, and Burgos; his mother advised and assisted him during his young reign. He married Princess Beatrice, daughter of Philip of Suabia, King of Germany and they had seven sons and three daughters. His father (the king of Leon) turned against him and tried to take over his rule. The two reconciled later, and fought successfully against the Moors. In 1225, he held back Islamic invaders; prayed and fasted to prepare for the war; extremely devoted to the Blessed Virgin. Between 1234-36, Ferdinand conquered the city of Cordoba from the Moors. Queen Beatrice died in 1236, and he overtook Seville shortly thereafter. He founded the Cathedral of Burgos and the University of Salamanca; married Joan of Ponthieu after the death of Beatrice. He died on May 30th after a prolonged illness, and buried in the habit of his secular Franciscan Order. His remains are preserved in the Cathedral of Seville and was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Ferdinand was a great administrator and a man of deep faith. He founded hospitals and bishoprics, monasteries, chuches, and cathedrals during his reign. Her also compiled and reformed a code of laws which were used until the modern era. Ferdinand rebuilt the Cathedral of Burgos and changed the mosque in Seville into a Cathedral. He was a just ruler, frequently pardoning former offenders to his throne. His feast day is May 30th.
Ferdinand III (30 July or 5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252), called the Saint, was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonised in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Spain. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the military orders, the Church, and the nobility, whom he enfeoffed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Madre to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[2] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[3] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the church: that of friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[4]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[5] He was buried within the Great Mosque of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[6] Ferdinand was canonised by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
United arms of Castile and León which Ferdinand first used.The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[1] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[2] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[3]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[4] He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[5] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera.
Contents [hide]
1 Marriages and family
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Marriages and family
Statue of Ferdinand III by G.D. Olivieri (1753, Madrid).In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor
Fadrique
Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
Eleanor (born 1227), died young
Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
Henry
Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England
Louis (1243–1269)
Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Ferdinand III of Castile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ferdinand III (30 July or 5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252), called the Saint, was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonised in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the military orders, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Madre to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[2] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[3] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the church: that of friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[4]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[5] He was buried within the Great Mosque of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[6] Ferdinand was canonised by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
Marriages and family
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor
Fadrique
Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
Eleanor (born 1227), died young
Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
Henry
Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
Eleanor, married Edward I of England
Louis (1243–1269)
Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors, acconpanied by his knights. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
Fernando III el Santo (Monasterio de Valparaíso -Peleas de Arriba-, Zamora, 1198/99 - Sevilla, 1252). Rey de Castilla (1217 - 1252) y de León (1230- 1252). Es también conocido como Santo Rey Don Fernando. Fue hijo de Alfonso IX de León y de Berenguela de Castilla.
Tras la temprana muerte de Enrique I y la abdicación de su madre, obtiene en 1217 el reino de Castilla. Tuvo que enfrentarse a la casa de los Lara por una revuelta nobiliaria. Tras casarse con Beatriz de Suabia (1219), se dedicó preferentemente a dirigir las campañas conquistadoras, combinando hábilmente las acciones diplomáticas con beneficiosas intervenciones bélicas que se valían de las discordias existentes en los distintos reinos musulmanes.
A la muerte de su padre Alfonso IX en 1230, tuvo que luchar por el trono de León, ya que éste legó su reino a Sancha y Dulce, hijas de su primer matrimonio con Teresa de Portugal. Gracias a la persuasión y algún pago heredó el reino de León, pasando a ser Rey de Castilla y León, y anexionándose el reino taifa de Murcia (1243). Por otra parte, estableció las fronteras con Aragón en el Tratado de Almizra (1244) y repartió las nuevas tierras conquistadas entre las órdenes militares, la Iglesia y los nobles, lo que dio lugar a la formación de grandes latifundios.
Fundó las catedrales góticas de Burgos y León.
Asimismo, reconquistó todo el territorio de la actual comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, exceptuando el Reino de Granada, siendo importantes las tomas de ciudades como Baeza (1227), Úbeda (1233), Córdoba (1236), Jaén (1245) y Sevilla (1248).
El Papa Clemente X lo canoniza en 1671 siendo el primer rey español que es elevado a la santidad. Su hijo Alfonso le sucedió en el trono como Alfonso X, apodado el Sabio.
From http://www.rpi.edu/~holmes/Hobbies/Genealogy/ps03/ps03_433.htm
Also called SAINT FERDINAND, Spanish SAN FERNANDO, king of Castile from 1217 to 1252 and of Leon from 1230 to 1252 and conqueror of the Muslim cities of Córdoba (1236), Jaén (1246), and Seville (1248). During his campaigns, Murcia submitted to his son Alfonso (later Alfonso X), and the Muslim kingdom of Granada became his vassal.
Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berenguela, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile. When born, he was the heir to Leon, but his uncle, Henry I of Castile, died young, and his mother inherited the crown of Castile, which she conferred on him. His father, like many Leonese, opposed the union, and Ferdinand found himself at war with him. By his will Alfonso IX tried to disinherit his son, but the will was set aside, and Castile and Leon were permanently united in 1230.
Ferdinand married Beatrice of Swabia, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor, a title that Ferdinand's son Alfonso X was to claim. His conquest of Lower Andalusia was the result of the disintegration of the Almohad state. The Castilians and other conquerors occupied the cities, driving out the Muslims and taking over vast estates.
Ferdinand's second wife was Joan of Ponthieu, whom he married in 1237; their daughter Eleanor married the future Edward I of England in 1254. Ferdinand settled in Seville, where he is buried.
Ferdinand was canonized Feb 4, 1671 for his orthodoxy and his crusading against the Moors. He m. (1) Beatrice, dau. of Emperor Philip (of Hohenstaufen). He united Castile & Leon in 1231 on death of his father. Persecuted the Albigenses. His son reigned as Alfonso X "the Wise", King of Castile & Leon (1252-84). Ferdinand had Archbishop Ximenes as Chancellor and founded the University of Salamanca (1243). He rebuilt the cathedral of Burgos and converted the mosque in Seville to a church. His feast is May 30.
King of Castile, León, Toledo, Extremadura, Galicia, Seville, Jaén & Cordoba. Lord of Biscay. He united deffinitively the
kingdoms of Castile and León, and conquered the lands of western Andalusia (cities of Jaen, Cordoba and Seville).
References: [AR7],[PlantagenetA],[Moncreiffe]
Saint
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Canonized 1671, Rome by Pope Clement X
Major shrine Cathedral of Sevilla;
Feast May 30
Patronage University of Salamanca; Lucena City;Lucena Cathedral; Cathedral of Burgos; Lucena Cathedral; Cathedral of Sevilla; of friars (Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian); City of San Fernando, Pampanga; Metropolitan Cathedral of San Fernando
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile
Fernando III "el Santo", rey de Castilla y León nació el 19-VIII-1201, en el monasterio de Santa María de Bellofonte, llamado luego de Valparaiso, en el término municipal de Peleas de Arriba, provincia de Zamora. Fue rey de Castilla de 1217 a 1252, y rey de León de 1229 a 1252. Casó en primeras nupcias con Beatriz de Suabia (hija de Felipe de Suabia y nieta del emperador Federico Barbarroja, de la Casa de Suabia-Hohensatufen). De este matrimonio tuvo diez hijos: Alfonso X (rey de Castilla de 1252 a 1284, que caso con Violante de Aragón, y tuvo por hijo y sucesor a Sancho IV), Fadrique, Fernando, Enrique, Felipe, Sancho, Manuel (ver Casas de Manuel y Múgica), Leonor, Berenguela y María. Casó en segundas nupcias con Juana de Ponthieu Montreueil. De este segundo matrimonio tuvo por hijos a Fernando, Leonor y Luis. Murió en Sevilla, el 30-V-1252, y está sepultado en la Catedral de Sevilla.
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors, acconpanied by his knights. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
Christened Aug. 19, 1201. Also, of Lbeon, Lbeon, Spain. Sainthood in 1671.
Sources: many ~ see Ancestors/Descendants
Saint Ferdinand III, Fernando el Santo, San Fernando, San Fernando Rey. Ferdinand III founded the Cathedral of Burgos, Dominican, Franciscan, Frintarian and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, he was credited with substaining the Convivencia in Andulsia. He was Camonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. His tomb is inscribed with four (4) languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latian and early incornation of Castilian.
In 1217 his uncle Henry, King of Castile, died. His mother inherited the throne and ceded it to Ferdinand. In 1230, his father died, and he became King of Leon as well .
Fought Moors, expanding power in southern Spain.
Founded Cathedral of Burgos and several monestaries.
First wife, Elisabeth of Hohenstaugen, died in 1235
Saint Ferdinand III (5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of Galicia and Leon from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and Galicia-León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey.
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Reign
3 First marriage
4 Second marriage
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
[edit] Early life
Ferdinand was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198-99.
His parents' marriage was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but immediately surrendered it to her son, Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight Alfonso's heirs, Sancha and Dulce, daughters of his first wife, for it. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms following the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
[edit] Reign
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage as a tributory state to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
United arms of Castile and León which Ferdinand first used.The capture of Córdoba was the result of a well planned and executed process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[1] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[2] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[3]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[4] He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[5] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera.
[edit] First marriage
Statue of Ferdinand III by G.D. Olivieri (1753, Madrid)In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor
Fadrique
Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
Eleanor (born 1227), died young
Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
Henry
Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
Maria, died an infant in November 1235
[edit] Second marriage
After he was widowed, he married Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1260), Count of Aumale
Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England
Louis (1243–1269)
Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
[edit] Notes
^ a b Edwards, 6.
^ Edwards, 7.
^ Edwards, 182.
^ Edwards, 1.
^ Menocal, 47.
[edit] References
González, Julio. Reinado y Diplomas de Fernando III, i: Estudio. 1980.
Menocal, María Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 2002. ISBN 0316168718
Edwards, John. Christian Córdoba: The City and its Region in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press: 1982.
BIOGRAPHY: He conquered Cordoba & Seville from the Moors. He and Edward I 'Longshanks'
Plantagenet, King of England
History: Ferdinand III (of Castile and León), called The Saint (1199-1252), king of Castile (1217-52) and of León (1230-52); was the son of King Alfonso IX of León and Castile. In 1217 Ferdinand's mother, Berengaria, renounced her title to the Castilian throne in favor of her son. Alfonso, who had himself expected to acquire Castile, was angered at his wife's action, and, aided by a group of Castilian nobles favorable to his claim, made war upon his newly crowned son. Ferdinand, however, with the wise counsel of his mother, proved more than a military match for Alfonso, who at length was forced to abandon his plan of conquering Castile. Through the good offices of Berengaria, Ferdinand was able to effect the peaceful union of León and Castile upon the death of his father in 1230. Ferdinand devoted his energies to prosecuting the war against the Moors, conquering Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. He was rigorous in his suppression of the heretical Albigenses, a fact largely responsible for his canonization more than two centuries later. In 1242 Ferdinand reestablished at Salamanca, the university originally founded by his grandfather.
Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2002. © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Durante su reinado se unificaron definitivamente las coronas de Castilla y León, que habían permanecido divididas desde la época de Alfonso VII el Emperador, quien a su muerte las repartió entre sus hijos, los infantes Fernando y Sancho.
Durante su reinado fueron conquistadas y arrebatadas a los musulmanes, en el marco de la Reconquista, entre otras plazas, las ciudades de Córdoba, Sevilla, Jaén y Murcia, obligando con ello a retroceder a los reinos musulmanes, que, al finalizar el reinado de Fernando III el Santo, únicamente poseían en la Península Ibérica las actuales provincias de Huelva, Cádiz, Málaga, Granada y Almería.
Fue canonizado en 1671, siendo papa Clemente X, y reinando en España Carlos II.
Alfonso III of Leon and Galicia (August 15, 1171 – September 23 or 24, 1230), first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile and numbered next to him as being a junior member of the family, was the king of León from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death. According to Ibn Khaldun, he is said to have been called the Baboso or Slobberer because he was subject to fits of rage during which he foamed at the mouth.
Alfonso was the only son of King Ferdinand II of León and Urraca of Portugal. Though he took a part in the work of the reconquest, this king is chiefly remembered for the difficulties into which his successive marriages led him with the Pope. He was first married in 1191 to his cousin Teresa of Portugal, who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young.
He married Eleanor, Queen of Castile & Princess of England. The marriage was declared null by the Pope; however, Alfonso paid no attention until he was presumably tired of his wife. His next step was to marry his second cousin, Berenguela of Castile, in 1197. For this act of contumacy, the king and the kingdom were placed under interdict.
The Pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that, if the people could not obtain the services of religion, they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. Eleanor left him after the birth of five children, and the king then returned to Teresa, to whose daughters he left his kingdom in his will.
Alfonso's children by Teresa of Portugal were:
Fernando (ca. 1192-August 1214), unmarried and without issue
Blessed Sancha (ca. 1193-1270) Dulce, also called Aldonza (1194/ca. 1195-ca./aft. 1243), unmarried and without issue
His eldest daughter, Sancha, was engaged to her cousin King Henry I of Castile, but Henry died in 1217 before the marriage could be solemnized. Wanting to disinherit his eldest son, Fernando, King Alfonso invited John of Brienne to marry his daughter Sancha and thus inherit the Leonese throne. However, Queen Berenguela convinced John of Brienne to marry one of her daughters instead. Though she was the nominal heiress on her father's death in 1230, Sancha was easily set aside by Berenguela and Fernando. Sancha became a nun at Cozollos, where she died in 1270; she was later beatified. Her sister Dulce-Aldonza spent her life with their mother in Portugal.
Alfonso's children by Berenguela of Castile were:
Leonor (1198/1199-October 31, 1210)
King Fernando III the Saint (1200-1252)
Alfonso, 4th Lord of Molina (1203-1272)
Berenguela of Leon (1204-1237), married John of Brienne
Constanza (May 1, 1200 or 1205-September 7, 1242), became a nun at Las Huelgas, Burgos, where she died
Alfonso also fathered many illegitimate children:
Alfonso's children by Aldonza Martínez da Silva (daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva & Urraca Rodrigues and subsequently wife with issue of Diego Froilaz, Conde de Cifuentes, had issue):
Pedro Alfonso of León, 1st Lord of Tenorio (ca. 1196/ca. 1200-1226), Grand Master of Santiago, married N de Villarmayor, and had issue
Alfonso Alfonso of León, died yong
Fernando Alfonso of León, died young
Rodrigo Alfonso of León (ca. 1210-ca. 1267), 1st Lord of Aliger and Governor of Zamora, married ca. 1240 to Inés Rodriguez de Cabrera (ca. 1200-), and had issue
Teresa Alfonso of León (ca. 1210-), wife of Nuno Gonzalez de Lara, el Bueno, señor de Lara
Aldonza Alonso of León (ca. 1212/ca. 1215-1266), wife of Diego Ramírez Froilaz, nephew of her stepfather, without issue, and of Pedro Ponce de Cabrera (ca. 1210-), and had issue, ancestors of the Ponce de León
Alfonso's child by Inés Iñíguez de Mendoza (ca. 1180-) (daughter of Lope Iñiguez de Mendoza, 1st Lord of Mendoza (ca. 1140-1189) and wife Teresa Ximénez de los Cameros (ca. 1150-)):
Urraca Alfonso of León (ca. 1190/ca. 1197-), first wife ca. 1230 of Lopo III Díaz de Haro (1192-December 15, 1236), 11th Sovereign Lord of Viscaya, and had issue
Alfonso's child by Estefánia Pérez de Limia, daughter of Pedro Arias de Limia and wife, subsequently wife of Rodrigo Suárez, Merino mayor of Galicia, had issue):
Fernando Alfonso of León (ca. 1211-), died young
Alfonso's children by Maua, of unknown origin:
Fernando Alfonso of León (ca. 1215/1218/1220-Salamanca, 1278/1279), Archdean of Santiago, married to Aldara de Ulloa and had issue
Alfonso's children by Dona Teresa Gil de Soverosa (ca. 1170-) (daughter of Dom Gil Vasques de Soverosa & first wife Maria Aires de Fornelos):
María Alfonso of León (ca. 1190/1200/1222-aft. 1252), married as his second wife Soeiro Aires de Valadares (ca. 1140-) and had issue and Álvaro Fernández de Lara (ca. 1200-) and had female issue, later mistress of her nephew Alfonso X of Castile
Sancha Alfonso of León (1210/ca. 1210-1270), a Nun after divorcing without issue Simón Ruíz, Lord of Los Cameros.
Martín Alfonso of León (ca. 1210/ca. 1225-1274/ca. 1275)
Urraca Alfonso of León (ca. 1210/1228-aft.1252, married twice, first to García Romeu of Tormos, without issue, then Pedro Núñez de Guzmán
Alfonso's other illegitimate child, mother unknown:
Mayor Alfonso de León, married Rodrigo Gómez de Trava, without issue
Alfonso IX was the first King in Western Europe who summoned the citizens to the Parliament (León's Cortes of 1188). He also founded the University of Salamanca in 1208.
Ferdinand III of Castile
Born July 30 or August 5, 1199, monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora)
Died May 30, 1252, Sevilla, Spain
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Canonized 1271, Rome by Pope Clement X
Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5, 1199 – May 30, 1252), was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo or San Fernando.
St Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. He was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora) in 1198 or 1199. His parents were divorced by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but she immediately surrendered it to her son Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight for it with Alfonso's designated heirs, Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage to Ferdinand. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of an uneven and uncoordinated process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated. Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city. Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church. On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests. He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian. St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor
Fadrique
Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
Eleanor (born 1227), died young
Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
Henry
Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena
Maria, died an infant in November 1235
After he widowed, he married Jeanne of Dammartin, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1269), Count of Aumale
Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England
Louis (1243–1269)
Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Portrait of St. Ferdinand III in a 13th century miniature
Saint Ferdinand III (5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and León from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey.
Ferdinand was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, in what is now the province of Zamora) in 1198-99.
His parents' marriage was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but immediately surrendered it to her son, Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight Alfonso's heirs, Sancha and Dulce, daughters of his first wife, for it. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms following the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.
Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
St Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over southern Iberian Peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage as a tributary state to Ferdinand in 1238. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
United arms of Castile and León which Ferdinand first used.The capture of Córdoba was the result of a well planned and executed process whereby parts (the Ajarquía) of the city first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[1] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as the Church.[2] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church: that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up til then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[3]
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand commended his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[4] He was buried within the Cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed with four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[5] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera.
First marriage Statue of Ferdinand III by G.D. Olivieri (1753, Madrid)In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
Alfonso X, his successor Fadrique Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248) Eleanor (born 1227), died young Berenguela (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas Henry Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Princess Kristina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers. that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261) Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena Maria, died an infant in November 1235
Second marriage: After he was widowed, he married Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
Ferdinand (1239–1260), Count of Aumale Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England Louis (1243–1269) Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Notes:
a b Edwards, 6.
^ Edwards, 7. ^ Edwards, 182. ^ Edwards, 1. ^ Menocal, 47.
References:
González, Julio. Reinado y Diplomas de Fernando III, i: Estudio. 1980. Menocal, María Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 2002. ISBN 0316168718 Edwards, John. Christian Córdoba: The City and its Region in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press: 1982. [edit] External linksCatholic Encyclopedia: St. Ferdinand III Ferdinand at Patron Saints Index
Ferdinand III, ou saint Ferdinand de Castille, fut roi de Castille de 1217 à 1230, et roi de Castille et de León de 1230 à 1252. Né probablement en 1199 au monastère de Valparaíso, à Peleas de Arribadans, dans l'actuelle province de Zamora, Ferdinand III était le fils d'Alphonse IX de León, et de Bérangère de Castille.
Ferdinand III a profondément marqué l'histoire de l'Espagne médiévale. Politiquement tout d'abord, en étant parvenu à unir de manière définitive les royaumes de Castille et de León, en 1230. Militairement ensuite, car Ferdinand III a procédé à la reconquête du sud de la péninsule ibérique, l'actuelle Andalousie. Son action contre l'Infidèle lui valut d'être canonisé au XVIIe siècle, en 1671 plus précisément.
Saint Ferdinand III, T.O.S.F., (5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and León from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the Reconquista. In 1231, he permanently united Castile and León. He was canonized in 1671 and, in Spanish, he is Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey.
Ferdinand was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, in what is now the Province of Zamora) in 1198-99.
His parents' marriage was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity. Berengaria took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but immediately surrendered it to her son, Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. When Alfonso died in 1230, Ferdinand also inherited León, though he had to fight Alfonso's heirs, Sancha and Dulce, daughters of his first wife, for it. He thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms following the death of Alfonso VII in 1157. Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. He also established a permanent border with the Kingdom of Aragon by the Treaty of Almizra (1244).
Ferdinand spent much of his reign fighting the Moors. Through diplomacy and war, exploiting the internal dissensions in the Moorish kingdoms, he triumphed in expanding Castilian power over the southern Iberian peninsula. He captured the towns of Úbeda in 1233, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248, and occupied Murcia in 1243, thereby reconquering all Andalusia save Granada, whose king nevertheless did homage as a tributary state to Ferdinand in 1238. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.
The capture of Córdoba was the result of a well-planned and executed process whereby parts of the city (the Ajarquía) first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.[1] Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city.[1] Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as to the Church.[2] On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.
On the domestic front, he strengthened the University of Salamanca and founded the current cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church, that of the friars. Whereas the Benedictines and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs had taken a major part in the Reconquista up until then, Ferdinand founded Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian houses in Andalusia, thus determining the religious future of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia.[3] He himself joined the Third Order of St. Francis, and is honored in that Order.
The Primera Crónica General de España asserts that, on his death bed, Ferdinand said to his son "you are rich in lands and in many good vassals — more so than any other king in Christendom," probably in recognition of his expansive conquests.[4] He was buried in the cathedral of Seville by his son Alfonso X. His tomb is inscribed in four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early incarnation of Castilian.[5] St Ferdinand was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire.
The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera
First marriage
In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203–1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were:
1.Alfonso X, his successor 2.Frederick 3.Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248) 4.Eleanor (born 1227), died young 5.Berengaria (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas 6.Henry 7.Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Christina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless. 8.Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261) 9.John Manuel, Lord of Villena 10.Maria, died an infant in November 1235
[edit] Second marriage
After he was widowed, he married Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
1.Ferdinand (1239–1260), Count of Aumale 2.Eleanor (c.1241–1290), married Edward I of England 3.Louis (1243–1269) 4.Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo 5.John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba
Despves que el Rey don Fernando vuo ganado a los Moros todo lo reftante del Andaluzia, y hecho la paz con el Rey de Granada fu vafallo, queriendo paffar a Africa a conquiftar la Berveria. Fue nueftro Señor fervido, de llevarle a fu Sãcto Reyno, para darle el premio, que fus gloriofas y catolicas obras merecian. Y aviendo recibido el cuerpo de nueftro Redentor de mano de dõ Raymundo Arçobifpo de Sevilla, ceñida vna foga al cuello, hincado de rodillas, befando la Sanctifsima Cruz, hiriendofe en los pechos, pidiendo a Dios perdon de fus culpas, eftando en fu prefencia la Reyna doña Iuana fu muger, y el Infante don Alonfo fu hijo mayor y heredero; y los Infante don Fadrique, don Phelipe, don Enrique, y don Manuel hijos de la Reyna doña Beatriz fu primera muger. Y los Infantes don Fernando, doña Leonor, y dõ Luys fus hijos y de la Reyna doña Iuana. Y el Infante dõ Alonfo Señor de Molina fu hermano, y los Ricos hõbres del Reyno, alçãdo los ojos al cielo dixo. Señor difteme Reyno, y hõra, y poder, mas q yo merecia, agora te lo entrego, con aquel acrecentamiento q yo pude hazer por la tu gracia, ofrezcotelo con mi alma, y demando perdon a mis peublos, y a quãtos aqui fon. Y rezãdo el Arçobifpo y clerigos las Letanias dio fu anima al Criador en 30 de Mayo Iueves del año 1252 en la ciudad de Sevilla. Efcriviente defte Rey en la general hiftoria grãdes alabãças, cuyas palabras me parecio trafladar aqui. Alli dize. Todos fus vaffallos lloraron mucho la fu muerte, por el amor tan grande que le avien, ê el a ellos. Ca les nunca defpechò, nin tomô de fus algos, aunque tantas guerras tovo, è por el erã temidos, è recelados, è dudados entre todas las gentes. Effo mefmo por fu grã buen afortunamiento que le Dios dava como fu amado cierto, ca nunca en el fu tiempo vieron mal año de mortandades, ni fambres, nin de otro contrallo en Caftiella ni en Leon, finon todo muy abaftado y cumprido. Efcrivefe en relaciones antiguas, que quando fue puefto fu cuerpo en la fepultura fe oyeron bozes Angelicales en el lugar de fu fepulcro. Y efte bienaventurado Principe es tenido por Sancto, aunque no efã canonizado, y affi es llamado de todos los hiftoriadores antiguos y modernos el Sancto Rey don Fernando. Cuya fanctidad de vida es conocida y reverenciada por muchos milagros. Defpues defto el Sabado figuiete primero de Iunio fue enterrado cõ Reales obfequias en la Iglefia mayor de la mifma ciudad, donde le fue hecho vn Sepulcro alto de piedra con quatro infcripciones en fu memoria efcriptas cõ letras relevadas en quatro lenguas. Caftellana. Latina. Hebrea. Y Araviga. Las quales oy fe veen en la Capilla nueva Real de la Sancta Iglefia de Sevilla, onde fue fu cuerpo trafladado, que por referir todas quatro vna mifma cofa, trafladare aqui la Latina, y Caftellana:
HIC IACET ILLVSTRISSMVS REX FERRAN DVS CASTELLAE. ET TOLETI. LEGIONIS GALICIAE. SIBILLIAE. CORDVBAE. MVR- CIAE. ET IAHENI. QVI TOTÃ HISPANIAM CONQVISIVIT. FIDELISSIMVS. V ERA CISSI- MVS COSTÃTISSIMVS. IVSTISSIMVS. STRE NVISSIMVS. DE TENTISSIMVS LIBERALISI- MVS. PATIENTISSIMVS. PIISIMVS. HVMILIS SIMVS. IN TIMORE ET SERVITIO DEI EFFI CACISSIMVS. QVI CONTRIVIT ET EXTER MINAVIT PENITVS HOSTIV SVORVM PRO TERVIAM. QVISVBLIMAVIT ET EXALTA VIT OMNES AMICOS SVOS. QVI CIVITA TEM HISPALENSEM. QVAE CAPVT EST ET METROPOLIS TOTIVS HISPANIAE. DE MA NIBVS ERIPVIT PAGANORVM ET CVLTVI RESTITVIT CHRISTIANO. VBI SOLVENS NATVRAE DEBITVM. AD DOMINVM TRANS MIGRAVIT VLTIMA DIE MAII. ANNO AB IN CARNATIONE DOMINI M.IC.LII.
AQVI YACE EL REY MUY ONDRADO DON FERRANDO SEÑOR DE CASTIELLA. E DE TOLEDO. DE LEON. DE GALIZIA. DE SEVI- LLA. DE CORDOVA. DE MVRCIA. ET DE IA- HEN. EL QVE CONQVISO TODA ESPANA. EL MAS LEAL. E EL MAS VERDADERO. E EL MAS FRC. E EL MAS ESFORÇADO. E EL MAS APVESTO. E EL MAS GRANADO. E EL MAS SOFRIDO. E EL MAS OMILDOSO. E EL QVE MAS TEMIE A DIOS. E EL QVE MAS LE FAZIA SERVICIO. E EL QVE QVEBRANTO E DES- TRVYO A TODOS SVS ENEMIGOS. E EL QVE ALÇO E ONDRO A TODOS SVS AMI- GOS. E CONQUVISO LA CIVDAD DE SEVILLA. QVE ES CABEÇA DE TODA ESPAÑA. E PAS SOS HI EL POSTRIMERO DIA DE MAYO EN
LA ERA DE M.CC.XC
Hazele la Sancta Iglefia de Sevilla cada año el dia de la Sanctifsima Trinidad en la tarde y el dia figuiente Aniverfario con Real Tumulo, al qual afsifte la Real Audiencia de Sevilla con el Afisiftente y Cabildo de la ciudad. Mueftraffe cada año en la mifma Sancta iglefia en fu Capilla el dia de Sã Clemete (en que le fue entrada por los Moros efta ciudad) el Retrato del mifmo Rey debulto y veftido de Brocado con fu mifma efpada en la mano, y a fus lados la Reyna doña Beatriz fu primera muger, y el Rey don Alõfo fu hijo. Y alli llega el Afsiftente de Sevilla, a quien con pleyto omenaje fe le entrega el efpada de el Sancto Rey. La qual trae en procefsion, y la buelve al mifmo lugar llevando tambien vn Cavallero de los mas principales en la procefsion el Pendon del Sãcto Rey. Por efte Retrato parece aver fido de mediana eftatura, de hermofo y amable roftro, con grande ferenidad y mageftad digna de tan efclarecido Principe, cuyo fancto cuerpo fue trafladado a fu Real Capilla en Domingo (a catorze de Iunio) dia de la Sãctifsima Trinidad año de 1579. A cuya devocion hize el figuiente Elogio. NOBLEZA DEL ANDALVZIA Por Gonçalo Argote de Molina, Sevilla 1588. Libro Primero. El Sancto Rey Don Fernando Da fu anima al Criador, y relacion de fu Sepultura y Letreros della. Cap. CXXI. Pág. 131 y 132
See http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/25067072/person/12794562610
Fernando III de Castilla (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora o Bolaños de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, c. 5 de agosto de 1199 – Sevilla, 30 de mayo de 1252), llamado el Santo, rey de Castilla2 (1217 – 1252) y de León2 (1230 – 1252). Hijo de Berenguela I, reina de Castilla, y de Alfonso IX, rey de León. Durante su reinado se unificaron definitivamente las coronas de Castilla y León, que habían permanecido divididas desde la época de Alfonso VII el Emperador, quien a su muerte las repartió entre sus hijos, los infantes Sancho y Fernando.
Durante su reinado fueron conquistadas y arrebatadas a los musulmanes, en el marco de la Reconquista, entre otras plazas, las ciudades de Córdoba, Sevilla, Jaén y Murcia, obligando con ello a retroceder a los reinos musulmanes, que, al finalizar el reinado de Fernando III el Santo, únicamente poseían en la Península Ibérica las actuales provincias de Huelva, Cádiz, Málaga, Granada y Almería.
Fue canonizado en 1671, siendo papa Clemente X, y reinando en España Carlos II.
canonized in 1671 by Pope Clement X
King of Castile, King of Leon
Saint Ferdinand III, T.O.S.F., (5 August 1199 – 30 May 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and León, but also masterminding the most expansive campaign of Reconquista yet. By military and diplomatic efforts, Ferdinand III greatly expanded the dominions of Castile into southern Spain, annexing many of the great old cities of al-Andalus, including the old Andalusian capitals of Córdoba and Seville, and establishing the boundaries of the Castilian state for the next two centuries. Ferdinand was canonized in 1671 by Pope Clement X and, in Spanish, he is known as Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey. Places like San Fernando, La Union, San Fernando, Pampanga and San Fernando Valley, California are named in honour of his local cult and patronage.
Early life
Ferdinand was born at the monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, in what is now the Province of Zamora) in 1198-99. His parents' marriage was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity. Berenguela took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father, Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1217, her younger brother Henry I died and she succeeded him to the Castilian throne, but immediately surrendered it to her son, Ferdinand, for whom she initially acted as regent. Unification of Castile-León When his father, Alfonso IX of León, died in 1230, his will delivered the kingdom to his older daughters Sancha and Dulce, from his first marriage to Theresa of Portugal. But Ferdinand contested the will, and claimed the inheritance for himself. At length, an agreement was reached, negotiated primarily between their mothers, Berengaria and Theresa, and signed at Benavente on December 11, 1230, by which Ferdinand would receive the Kingdom of León, in return for a substantial compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters, Sancha and Dulce. Ferdinand thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157. Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara. Conquest of al-Andalus
Since the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 halted the advance of the Almohads in Spain, a series of truces had kept Castile and the Almohad dominions of al-Andalus more-or-less at peace. However, a crisis of succession in the Almohad Caliphate after the death of Yusuf II in 1224 opened to Ferdinand III an opportunity for intervention. The Andalusian-based claimant, Abdallah al-Adil, began to ship the bulk of Almohad arms and men across the straits to Morocco to contest the succeession with his rival there, leaving al-Andalus relatively undefended. Al-Adil's rebellious cousin, Abdallah al-Bayyasi (the Baezan), appealed to Ferdinand III for military assistance against the usurper. In 1225, a Castilian army accompanied al-Bayyasi in a campaign, ravaging the regions of Jaén, vega de Granada and, before the end of the year, had successfully installed al-Bayyasi in Córdoba. In payment, al-Bayyasi gave Ferdinand the strategic frontier strongholds of Baños de la Encina, Salvatierra (the old Order of Calatrava fortress near Ciudad Real) and Capilla (the last of which had to be taken by siege). When al-Bayyasi was rejected and killed by a popular uprising in Cordoba shortly after, the Castilians remained in occupation of al-Bayyasi's holdings in Andújar, Baeza and Martos. The crisis in the Almohad Caliphate, however, remained unresolved. In 1228, a new Almohad pretender, Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun', decided to abandon Spain, and left with the last remnant of the Almohad forces for Morocco. Al-Andalus was left fragmented in the hands of local strongmen, only loosely led by Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami. Seeing the opportunity, the Christian kings of the north - Ferdinand III of Castile, Alfonso IX of León, James I of Aragon and Sancho II of Portugal - immediately launched a series of raids on al-Andalus, renewed almost every year. There were no great battle encounters - Ibn Hud's makeshift Andalusian army was destroyed early on, while attempting to stop the Leonese at Alange in 1230. The Christian armies romped through the south virtually unopposed in the field. Individual Andalusian cities were left to resist or negotiate their capitulation by themselves, with little or no prospect of rescue from Morocco or anywhere else. The twenty years from 1228 to 1248 saw the most massive advance in the Christian reconquista yet. In this great sweep, most of the great old citadels of al-Andalus fell one by one. Ferdinand III took the lion's share of the spoils - Badajoz and Mérida (which had fallen to the Leonese), were promptly inherited by Ferdinand in 1230; then by his own effort, Cazorla in 1231, Úbeda in 1233, the old Umayyad capital of Córdoba in 1236, Niebla and Huelva in 1238, Écija and Lucena in 1240, Orihuela and Murcia in 1243 (by the famous 'pact of Alcaraz'), Arjona, Mula and Lorca in 1244, Cartagena in 1245, Jaén in 1246, Alicante in 1248 and finally, on December 22, 1248, Ferdinand III entered as a conqueror in Seville, the greatest of Andalusian cities. At the end of this twenty-year onslaught, only a rump Andalusian state, the Emirate of Granada, remained unconquered (and even so, Ferdinand III managed to extract a tributary arrangement from Granada in 1238). Ferdinand III annexed some of his conquests directly into the Crown of Castile, and others were initially received and organized as vassal states under Muslim governors (e.g. Alicante, Niebla, Murcia), although they too were eventually permanently occupied and absorbed into Castile before the end of the century (Niebla in 1262, Murcia in 1264, Alicante in 1266). Outside of these vassal states, Christian rule could be heavy-handed on the new Muslim subjects. This would eventually lead to the mudéjar uprisings of 1264-66, which resulted in mass expulsions of the Muslim populations. The range of Castilian conquests also sometimes transgressed into the spheres of interest of other conquerors. Thus, along the way, Ferdinand III took care to carefully negotiate with the other Christian kings to avoid conflict, e.g. the treaty of Almizra (26 March 1244) which delineated the Murcian boundary with James I of Aragon. Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundias. When he took Córdoba, he o
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Fernando III de Castilla
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Para otras personas del mismo nombre, véanse Fernando de Castilla y Fernando III.
Fernando III de Castilla
Rey de Castilla, León y Galicia
Fernando III de Castilla 02.jpg
Fernando III según una miniatura del Tumbo A de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela
Rey de Castilla
1 de julio de 1217-30 de mayo de 1252
Predecesor Berenguela
Sucesor Alfonso X
Rey de León
24 de septiembre de 1230-30 de mayo de 1252
Predecesor Alfonso IX
Sucesor Alfonso X
Información personal
Nacimiento 1199 o 24 de junio de 12011
Peleas de Arriba
Fallecimiento 30 de mayo de 1252
Sevilla
Entierro Catedral de Sevilla
Familia
Casa real Casa de Borgoña
Padre Alfonso IX de León
Madre Berenguela de Castilla
Consorte
Beatriz de Suabia
Juana de Ponthieu
Descendencia Véase Matrimonios y descendencia
Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (1230-1284).svg
Escudo de Fernando III de Castilla
[* datos en Wikidata]
San Fernando
Saint Ferdinand III by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Seville Cathedral.PNG
Nacimiento 5 de agosto de 1199 Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Zamora, España Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Padres Alfonso IX de León Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata y Berenguela I de Castilla Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Hijos Leonor de Castilla, Alfonso X de Castilla, Fadrique de Castilla, Enrique de Castilla el Senador, Felipe de Castilla, Sancho de Castilla, Manuel de Castilla, Fernando de Castilla, Fernando de Castilla, Berenguela de Castilla, María de Borgoña y Suabia y Luis de Castilla Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Fallecimiento 30 de mayo de 1252jul. Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Sevilla, España Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Venerado en Iglesia católica y anglicana
Canonización 1671, por Clemente X
Orden religiosa Tercera Orden de San Francisco Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Festividad 30 de mayo
Atributos Su espada Lobera
Patronazgo Es patrón de varias localidades como: Sevilla, Aranjuez, San Fernando de Henares, Maspalomas, Villanueva del Río y Minas, San Fernando de Apure, San Fernando de Occidente en el departamento colombiano de Bolívar, San Fernando localidad del departamento colombiano del Magdalena, Pivijay y de la pedanía albaceteña Ventas de Alcolea. También es patrón del Arma de Ingenieros (del Cuerpo General de las Armas) y de las especialidades de Construcción y Telecomunicaciones y Electrónica (del Cuerpo de Ingenieros Politécnicos) del Ejército de Tierra de España. Además es compatrono de la Diócesis de San Cristóbal de La Laguna2 y patrono de la universidad de esta ciudad.3
[* datos en Wikidata]
Fernando III de León y de Castilla, llamado «el Santo» (Peleas de Arriba, 1199 o 24 de junio de 12011-Sevilla, 30 de mayo de 1252), fue rey de Castilla entre 1217 y 1252 y de Leóna entre 1230 y 1252. Hijo de Berenguela, reina de Castilla, y de Alfonso IX, rey de León, unificó definitivamente durante su reinado las coronas castellana y leonesa, que habían permanecido divididas desde la época de Alfonso VII «el Emperador», quien a su muerte las repartió entre sus hijos, los infantes Sancho y Fernando.
Durante su reinado fueron conquistados, en el marco de la Reconquista, los reinos de Jaén, Córdoba, Sevilla y lo que quedaba del de Badajoz, cuya anexión había empezado Alfonso IX, lo que redujo el territorio ibérico en poder de los reinos musulmanes. Al finalizar el reinado de Fernando III, estos únicamente poseían en la Andalucía el Reino de Niebla, Tejada y el Reino de Granada, este último como feudo castellano. El infante Alfonso, futuro Alfonso X, fue enviado por Fernando a la conquista del Reino de Murcia; los moros capitularon y la región quedó como señorío castellano, tras lo cual Alfonso conquistó las plazas de Mula y Cartagena. Cuando Fernando accedió al trono, en 1217, su reino no rebasaba apenas los ciento cincuenta mil kilómetros cuadrados; en 1230, al heredar León, obtuvo otros cien mil y, a base de conquistas ininterrumpidas, logró hacerse con ciento veinte mil más.4
Fue canonizado en 1671, siendo papa Clemente X, y reinando en España Carlos II.
Índice
1 Orígenes familiares
2 Infancia
3 Rey de Castilla
3.1 Primeras campañas en Andalucía
4 Rey de Castilla y de León
4.1 Reunificación de Castilla y León
4.2 Nuevas campañas en Al-Ándalus
4.3 Reconquista de Córdoba
4.4 Reconquista de Sevilla
5 Labor cultural y política
6 Corte
7 La muerte del rey
8 Sepultura
9 Canonización
9.1 Patronazgos
10 Matrimonios y descendencia
11 Genealogía
12 Véase también
13 Notas
14 Referencias
15 Bibliografía
15.1 Bibliografía adicional
16 Enlaces externos
Orígenes familiares
Artículo principal: Anexo:Ascendientes de Fernando III de Castilla
Hijo de Alfonso IX de León y de su segunda esposa,5 la reina Berenguela de Castilla, fueron sus abuelos paternos Fernando II de León y la reina Urraca de Portugal y los maternos Alfonso VIII de Castilla y Leonor de Plantagenet. Nació en 1199 o 1201, en lugar desconocido.5 El matrimonio de sus padres fue anulado pocos años más tarde, en 1203, por la consanguinidad de los esposos.5
De este matrimonio nacieron cinco hijos: Leonor, que murió pronto; Constanza, que fue monja en el monasterio de Las Huelgas de Burgos; Berenguela, que se casó con Juan de Brienne, emperador de Constantinopla; Fernando (III) y Alfonso de Molina, padre de la reina María de Molina, esposa de Sancho IV. Y por parte de su padre tuvo dos hermanas: las infantas Sancha y Dulce.
Infancia
En Peleas de Arriba, un lugar entre Zamora y Salamanca, existía un albergue fundado por un religioso zamorano llamado Martín Cid, para atender a transeúntes y peregrinos que recorrían la Vía de la Plata. En ese entorno nació Fernando, mientras sus padres acampaban en el monte cuando realizaban una ruta de Salamanca a Zamora. Posteriormente, Fernando III fundaría ahí el Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Valparaíso. El Cronicón Cerratense le dio a Fernando el nombre de Rex Fernandus Montesinus.1
El papa Inocencio III declaró nulo en 1203 el matrimonio de sus padres, Alfonso IX de León y Berenguela de Castilla, alegando el parentesco de los cónyuges, porque él era tío carnal de Berenguela.5 La separación del matrimonio se aprobó en 1203 y el divorcio, en 1204.6 Agotados todos los recursos contra el papa, Berenguela volvió a la corte de su padre (Alfonso VIII de Castilla) con todos sus hijos salvo Fernando, que permaneció en la corte leonesa con su padre, el rey de León.
Tras la temprana muerte del rey de Castilla Alfonso VIII en 1214, su hijo Enrique accedió al trono siendo niño y Berenguela fue titular de la regencia.78
Sin embargo, Álvaro Núñez de Lara usurpó la potestad regia y se hizo con varios castillos. Berenguela tuvo que buscar el apoyo de Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, señor de Frechilla y mayordomo de la reina, y se refugió en su castillo de Autillo de Campos,9 Palencia. Sin embargo, esta plaza fue sitiada por Lara y Berenguela pidió ayuda a su hijo, que se presentó con mil quinientos hombres e hizo huir a Lara.10 El corto reinado de Enrique (1214-1217) se caracterizó por la lucha entre dos fracciones de la nobleza: la encabezada por Berenguela y que agrupaba además a importantes familias como los Girón, Téllez, Haro y Cameros, y la acaudillada por los Lara, a los que respaldaban las ciudades, la mayor parte de los nobles y los obispos.11 La muerte de Enrique en 1217 agudizó el conflicto, que devastó parte del reino.11
Berenguela tenía un castillo, del siglo XIII, en el pueblo de Piedrahíta, provincia de Ávila. En la actualidad, en este lugar se encuentra la iglesia parroquial de Santa María la Mayor, que conserva restos de la fortaleza. Según la tradición local, Fernando III nació en este castillo.12
Rey de Castilla
Tras la muerte repentina de Enrique, los derechos a la corona pasaron a Berenguela que,5 temiendo posibles pretensiones de su antiguo marido, el rey de León, se lo ocultó y pidió que se le trajese a Fernando para protegerse de Lara. El rey leonés, persuadido por sus hijas mayores Dulce y Sancha, no quiso dejarlo marchar. Sin embargo, Fernando logró escapar y se reunió con su madre en el castillo de Autillo.9 Ella, mediante un acto solemne, lo proclamó rey de Castilla hacia el 1013 o el 14 de junio14 de 1217 en Autillo de Campos. La coronación oficial tuvo lugar en Valladolid hacia el 2 o 3 de julio.b5
Álvar Núñez de Lara, alférez mayor de Castilla, cercó Valladolid con el beneplácito de Alfonso IX de León. El rey leonés tomó partido por los Lara tras la muerte de Enrique I.16 Fernando y su madre debieron retirarse a Burgos. A esto le siguieron una serie de conquistas leonesas a lo largo del río Sequillo y saqueos de zonas próximas a Valladolid por parte de Alfonso IX.17 Fernando no combatió contra su padre, y le envío mensajes de que bajo su reinado Castilla sería un reino amigo y, aunque al principio Alfonso no hizo caso, terminó retirándose a León cansado de estas acciones. El 26 de agosto de 1218 se firmó el Pacto de Toro, que puso fin a las hostilidades entre Castilla y León.18 Eso sí, a Alfonso le fueron pagados diez mil maravedíes que le eran debidos por el antiguo rey Enrique de un cambio del castillo de Santibáñez de la Mota.1920 A cambio, el rey leonés renunciaba a sus pretensiones sobre los territorios fronterizos con Castilla.21 El papa Honorio III medió entre los dos reinos para que pusiesen fin al conflicto y se aprestasen a participar en una nueva cruzada, predicada en el IV Concilio de Letrán.20
En los primeros tiempos del reinado, parte de los antiguos partidarios de la Casa de Lara se pasaron a las filas del nuevo rey, pero otros permanecieron hostiles a Berenguela y a su hijo.22 Entre estos se contaron en especial numerosos obispos y las ciudades del sur del reino.22 Entre los obispos, el principal apoyo al nuevo rey provino de los de Burgos y Palencia, que obtuvieron generosas mercedes del soberano.23 Entre la nobleza afín a Fernando destacaba la que había obtenido abundantes tierras y concesiones reales en tiempos de Alfonso VIII.18 Los enfrentamientos debidos a la sucesión duraron dos años e incluyeron tanto las correrías de los leoneses por la Tierra de Campos y la Extremadura castellana como los choques con los Lara, a los que en el verano de 1217 Fernando les arrebató tierras entre Burgos y Logroño y varias tenencias reales más al sur del reino.18 Cerca del castillo de Ferreruela, entre Palenzuela y Palencia, Alfonso Tello apresó al conde de Lara, que fue conducido a Burgos y obligado a todos los castillos que tenía en tenencia y a ayudar al rey contra su hermano Fernando Núñez de Lara a cambio de recobrar la libertad.17 Fernando Núñez de Lara se sometió poco después, pero los Lara volvieron a rebelarse contra Fernando en 1218, con la ayuda de Alfonso IX, que invadió Castilla por el sur de Toro.24 La derrota final de la Casa de Lara llegó en 1218, tras la muerte de Álvar Núñez en Toro.18
A mediados de 1219 una comitiva castellana presidida por Mauricio, obispo de Burgos, llegó a la corte de Federico II de Alemania y, probablemente en Hagenau, en Alsacia, tuvo lugar la contratación matrimonial entre su cuarta hija, Beatriz de Suabia, y Fernando III.20 Fernando le entregó como dote a Beatriz las villas, castillos y sus derechos reales sobre Carrión de los Condes, Logroño, Belorado, Peñafiel, Castrogeriz, Pancorbo, Fuentepudia, Montealegre, Palenzuela, Astudillo, Villafranca Montes de Oca y Roa.2526 Beatriz, con la comitiva de hombres notables de Castilla, emprendió el camino desde Alsacia a Burgos, pasando por la Corte de París, porque esta deseaba saludar a la esposa del delfín, futuro Luis VIII de Francia, y madre del futuro Luis IX de Francia, Blanca, hermana de su futura suegra, Berenguela. El 27 de noviembre Fernando fue armado caballero en el monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas de Burgos, donde le entregaron su espada. El 30 de noviembre, en la misma ciudad, tuvo lugar la celebración de la boda en la catedral.25 La reina fue muy querida por el pueblo y suscitaba admiración. El cronista Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, nada proclive a los epítetos, la describe como optima, pulchra, sapiens et pudica («buenísima, bella, sabia y modesta»). Y era muy amante de la cultura clásica y vernácula, algo que había asimilado formándose en la Corte del emperador Federico II. Ella transmitirá a su marido y a sus hijos un similar amor por la cultura. Su hijo Alfonso X el Sabio le dedicaría un elogio en una de sus Cantigas y en la Catedral de Burgos se conserva una escultura del siglo XIII que la representa.
Primeras campañas en Andalucía
La pacificación de Castilla a finales de la década de 1210 y comienzos de la siguiente, debida al tratado con León y a la derrota de los nobles contrarios a Fernando, le permitió a este acometer nuevas campañas en el sur de la península.27 Los territorios andalusíes se hallaban en crisis y el califa Al-Mustansir había firmado treguas con los castellanos en 1214 y 1221.28 La decisión de abordar nuevas conquistas, compartida por la nobleza castellana, la tomó Fernando en 1224.28
Como consecuencia de los problemas internos del imperio almohade, este fue descomponiéndose.29 Durante el reinado del califa Al-Mutansir las ciudades ganaron más poder en el califato. La muerte de Al-Muntansir en el 1224 provocó una lucha por el poder que concluyó con el nombramiento como califa de Al-Mamún en el 1227.3029 Yahya al-Mutásim no reconoció a este gobernante y creó un califato propio en el norte de África, provocando que Al-Mamún se trasladase al Magreb para combatir aquella rebelión. Las ciudades de Al-Ándalus empezaron a conformarse como reinos regidos por los caídes, siendo estos los terceros reinos de taifas. Los gobernadores Alhamar de Sevilla, Zayyan de Valencia y Mahfuz de Niebla crearon sus propias taifas. Al-Bayyasi, que había sido un gobernador almohade de Sevilla,31 pasó a ser emir de Baeza y reinó en las en ciudades del Alto Guadalquivir.32
En 1224 Fernando partió de Toledo con un contingente de grandes hombres de Castilla, el maestre de la Orden de Santiago y a los que, posteriormente, se les unió la Orden de Calatrava con su maestre al frente; se dirigieron a Sierra Morena y se concentraron en el castillo de Baños, donde Al-Bayyasi les rindió parias. Después, Fernando marchó contra la ciudad de Quesada y otros castillos, que fueron rápidamente tomados en septiembre.33 Posteriormente siguió con sus conquistas por el reino de Jaén, centro de las campañas castellanas entre 1224 y 1230.33 Dada la lejanía de Quesada a la frontera castellana, Fernando acabó por evacuar la plaza.33
Fernando entabló tal amistad con Al-Bayyasi, que este le entregó a su hijo primogénito y Fernando lo educó con su familia. El vástago acompañó al rey castellano en sus conquistas por Andalucía y consiguió honores por ello. No se sabe con certeza que Al-Bayyasi se convirtiera al cristianismo, pero todo parece indicar que así fue.33 El rey de Valencia, Zayd Abu Zayd, no sabía qué posición tomar al respecto de esta actitud de los cristianos y no había reconocido la autoridad del califa Al-Adil. Su primo, Al-Bayyasi, le instó a que se hiciera vasallo de Fernando, por lo que se dirigió a Cuenca, donde se encontraba en ese momento la corte castellana, y juró perpetuo vasallaje al rey en Moya en marzo de 1225.3433
En el verano de 1225 Fernando organizó una campaña en la provincia de Jaén, para la cual solicitó una bula de cruzada al papa Honorio III.35 A finales de ese año, Honorio III concedió la bula de cruzada a los que luchasen en Tierra Santa y en las tierras de Castilla. La bula fue divulgada por el arzobispo de Toledo y por el obispo de Burgos.36
Posteriormente, Fernando dirigió una ofensiva contra la fortaleza de Priego (Córdoba), que tomó, y prosiguió hasta la ciudad de Loja, ciudad que también conquistó.37 El asedio de Jaén, por el contrario, resultó infructuoso.37 Después sus fuerzas tomaron la ciudad de la Alhama, que había sido abandonada por sus moradores ante el temor hacia los cristianos. Y de esta forma llegaron hasta la misma vega de Granada, donde, temiendo seguir la misma suerte que las anteriores plazas, los habitantes parlamentaron con Fernando y ofrecieron la liberación de 1 300 esclavos cristianos y la rescisión del contrato que obligaba a Álvar Pérez de Castro a servir al rey de Granada, pasando a engrosar la expedición cristiana, que tomó la decisión de regresar a Toledo.38
Tras esta campaña, en base a los acuerdos a los que habían llegado, Al-Bayyasi, emir de Baeza, le dio a Fernando los castillos de Martos y Andújar.3735
En otoño de 1225 Fernando volvió a reunirse con Al-Bayyasi en Andújar, exigiéndole la entrega de los castillos de Borjalimal, Salvatierra y Capilla para cumplir el pacto de las Navas. Al-Bayyasi, le ofreció el alcázar de Baeza, que fue ocupado por la Orden de Calatrava.39 Salvatierra y Borjalimal se rindieron pronto, mientras que Capilla resistió pero finalmente fue tomada, tras un asedio, en septiembre de 1226.4041 Mientras transcurría el asedio de Capilla, llegaron noticias de la muerte de Al-Bayyasi tras una revuelta de los cordobeses, que le acusaban de ayudar a los castellanos en la conquista de Capilla.41 Tras su muerte y como consecuencia del pacto de vasallaje, Fernando III se hizo cargo de sus posesiones y, a pesar de que Baeza pidió ayuda a Jaén, fue finalmente conquistada el 1 de diciembre.41 Fernando III dio la tenencia de la ciudad a Lope Díaz de Haro.4241
En 1226 fue conquistado el castillo de Montiel, que fue otorgado a la Orden de Santiago en 1227.43
Ibn Hud creó un reino propio en 1228. En 1231 controlaba todo Al-Ándalus con las excepciones de las taifas de Niebla y Valencia.44
Entre 1228 y 1230, Fernando emprendió diversas campañas tanto para consolidar las conquistas de los años anteriores como para preparar la toma de Jaén, para lo que taló sus tierras.45 Sin embargo, el nuevo cerco de esta entre junio y septiembre de 1230 volvió a fracasar.46 El fallecimiento de Alfonso IX de León ese mismo mes de septiembre y la asunción de su corona por Fernando puso fin a este periodo de campañas en Al-Ándalus, pues el monarca castellano tuvo que concentrarse en lidiar con los problemas de la unificación de los dos reinos.46
Rey de Castilla y de León
Reunificación de Castilla y León
Véase también: Concordia de Benavente
A la muerte de su padre, Alfonso IX en 1230, Fernando reclamó el trono de León, del que el papa le había confirmado heredero en 1218, pese a las probables intenciones de Alfonso de legarlo a Sancha y Dulce, hijas de su matrimonio con Teresa de Portugal.47 Las disputas entre Fernando y Alfonso —aliados de los Lara, enfrentados al rey castellano— habían complicado la posibilidad de que el primero heredase el trono leonés a la muerte del segundo.48 León se dividió entre los partidarios de las infantes y los que preferían a Fernando.48
Mientras las infantas y su madre Teresa de Portugal se encerraron en Zamora protegidas por el alférez de su padre, Rodrigo Fernández Feo, Fernando, acompañado de su madre Berenguela y del obispo de Toledo, entró en el reino y fue recibido como rey en Toro.49 La ciudad de León se hallaba dividida entre los partidarios de Fernando y los de sus hermanas, pero finalmente el rey castellano entró en la ciudad y recibió el homenaje de la mayoría de la nobleza, el clero y los representantes de las ciudades del reino.50
Tras una reunión en Valencia de Alcántara (Cáceres)51 o en Valencia de Don Juan50 (a treinta kilómetros de Benavente) entre las dos reinas consortes, Teresa de Portugal y Berenguela de Castilla, estas se dirigieron a Benavente, donde se encontraba Fernando y los arzobispos de Santiago y Toledo, y donde se firmó el 11 de diciembre de 1230 la Concordia de Benavente o Tratado de las Tercerías,5147 en las infantas renunciaban a sus posibles derechos al trono y el traspaso de la corona de León a Fernando a cambio de una compensación de treinta mil maravedíes anuales a Dulce y Sancha y la cesión de algunas fortalezas que se reincorporarían a la Corona cuando estas murieran.52 De ese modo se unieron dinásticamente —siguieron conservando Cortes, leyes e instituciones diferentes— León y Castilla en la persona de Fernando. Apenas hubo cambios en los cargos del reino y el rey mantuvo en su puesto incluso a algunos adversarios que se habían destacado en el conflicto sucesorio.53 En 1231 el documento fue confirmado por el pontífice Gregorio IX.47 También ese año se firmó el Acuerdo de Sabugal, entre Fernando III y el rey Sancho II de Portugal para delimitar las fronteras y buscar la alianza contra el islam. El nuevo rey leonés entregó al portugués el castillo de San Esteban de Chaves y se comprometió ante él a defender a la reina Teresa en caso necesario.54 El pacto entre Fernando y sus hermanas puso fin al conflicto sucesorio leonés, pero no evitó que parte de la nobleza y la Iglesia leonesa se opusiesen al nuevo monarca castellano; el núcleo del rechazo a Fernando fue, probablemente, Galicia.53 Entre 1230 y 1233, el soberano se enfrascó en la pacificación y organización de su nuevo reino.53 Sus dominios quedaron divididos en tres unidades administrativas, gestionadas por un merino mayor: Castilla, León y Galicia.55
La unificación de los reinos puso fin a los continuos choques fronterizos entre los dos reinos que habían ocurrido intermitentemente desde el siglo xi.56 La importancia de la nobleza en la zona y la vaguedad de la frontera habían favorecido las luchas en esta zona.57
Nuevas campañas en Al-Ándalus
Durante los años de gestión de la unión castellano-leonesa, el rey se limitó a supervisar las incursiones en tierras andalusíes, que llevaron a cabo principalmente las órdenes militares, algunos nobles y los obispados fronterizos, en especial el toledano.54 En 1231 el arzobispo de Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada tomó la plaza de Cazorla en Jaén, tras haberse apoderado en abril de Quesada, Toya y toda su comarca, que Fernando le había confiado si lograba conquistarlas.54
De nuevo organizó una expedición contra Al-Ándalus en la que estaban el capitán Álvar Pérez de Castro y muchos nobles y caballeros como los hermanos Pérez de Vargas, Rodrigo González Girón, Tello Alfonso de Meneses, Pero Miguel, Pero de Guzmán (padre de Guzmán el Bueno) y otros muchos, y, naturalmente, un nutrido grupo de caballeros calatravos y santiaguistas. Bordearon la ciudad de Córdoba, arrasando la campiña y asaltaron el castillo de Palma del Río. El caudillo Ibn Hud fue con sus tropas a enfrentarse a esta expedición en un olivar cerca de Jerez, teniendo lugar una batalla.58 Finalmente, Ibn Hud se batió en retirada dejando Jerez a su suerte haciendo los cristianos un formidable botín.59
En 1233 una hueste organizada por el obispo de Plasencia, con la participación de las órdenes militares, conquistó la ciudad de Trujillo.6058 El 29 de septiembre de 1234, Fernando conquistó la ciudad de Úbeda.61 Para estas conquistas, Fernando se benefició de los enfrentamientos internos entre los señores andalusíes.58 En 1234 nuevamente las órdenes militares se apoderaron de Medellín, Alange y Santa Cruz y en torno a 1235 de Magacelac y Hornachos.6263 El rey, sin embargo, no participó en las incursiones de ese año, tanto por el fallecimiento de su esposa como por los levantamientos nobiliarios que tuvo que afrontar en el norte de Castilla.64
En 1235 se conquistó el castillo de Torres de Albánchez. El castillo de Chiclana de Segura, según algunos historiadores, pudo haberse conquistado entre finales del 1226 y principios de 1227, y, según otros, en 1235.65 En cualquier caso, es en 1235 cuando Fernando III otorgó Chiclana de Segura al obispo de Osma. Este, a su vez, la otorgó en 1239 a la Orden de Santiago, formando parte de la encomienda Montizón y Chiclana.66
Las siguientes campañas, en las que el rey participó de nuevo en persona delegando el gobierno del reino en su madre Berenguela y, tras la muerte de esta en 1246, el infante Alfonso de Molina, marcaron la segunda parte del reinado.67 En doce años, Fernando se adueñó de gran parte del territorio andalusí y de muchas de sus grandes ciudades, como Córdoba y Sevilla.67
Reconquista de Córdoba
Artículo principal: Conquista de Córdoba
El gobernador almohade de Córdoba firmó en 1235 una tregua de un año con Fernando III. Para esto, el emir debió pagar 430 000 maravedíes. Sin embargo, esta tregua no impedía que los castellanos atacaran baluartes que ya no dependían del emir, por lo que este tomó los castillos de Iznatoraf y San Esteban. Ese año murió Beatriz de Suabia y Fernando se trasladó al norte.58 El emir decidió no pagar lo pactado y cristianos de los consejos fronterizos dirigidos por el segoviano Domingo Muñoz tomaron los arrabales de Córdoba y se hicieron fuertes. Además, unos desertores moros informaron a los cristianos de que la ciudad estaba desguarnecida y era muy fácil llegar a la Axerquía, cosa que hizo un pequeño grupo de soldados.68 Esto sucedió en enero de 1236 y el rey, al informarse, juntó fuerzas de León, de Salamanca, de Zamora y de Toro y de las órdenes militares y marchó hacia Córdoba. Acompañado del infante Alfonso, de nobles castellanos y leoneses, de tropas de los concejos y de fuerzas de los obispos de Cuenca y Baeza, Fernando llegó a la ciudad en febrero.68 Jaime I de Aragón estaba acechando Valencia, e Ibn Hud prefirió retirarse a Almería e ir a proteger esa plaza con sus barcos, dando Córdoba por perdida. Córdoba, abandonada por su emir y desalentada por el asedio, capituló; la entrada solemne de Fernando en la ciudad se produjo el 29 de junio de 1236.68 El rey dejó como gobernador de la ciudad a Alfonso Téllez de Meneses y como gobernador militar a Álvar Pérez de Castro.69 El rey castellano-leonés firmó entonces una tregua de seis años con Ibn Hud, por la que este se comprometió a pagarle tributo.68 Fernando restauró además el obispado cordobés, que quedó como sufragáneo del de Toledo, como otros (Baeza, Coria, Cuenca y Plasencia) mientras no se restaurase la metrópoli de la provincia eclesiástica (Sevilla).68 La conquista de Córdoba y la restauración del obispado impelieron al papa Gregorio IX a otorgar a Fernando importantes prerrogativas, tanto canónicas (protección papal de la familia real e indulgencias a los que participan en las campañas de Fernando), como económicas y políticas.70
La madre recomendó a su hijo Fernando que se casara en segundas nupcias y este aceptó la sugerencia. La madre, para evitar parentescos entre los nobles, buscó la ayuda de su hermana Blanca, que le recomendó a Juana de Ponthieu o de Danmartín. Esta vino desde Francia con una comitiva que se marchó tras celebrarse el matrimonio en Toledo. La boda se celebró en la Catedral de Burgos en noviembre de 1237 y fue oficiada por el mismo clérigo que su primera boda, el obispo de la diócesis Mauricio.71 En 1238 y 1239, permaneció en la zona de Burgos, desde donde tuvo que enviar víveres a las últimas zonas conquistadas, que pasaban apuros.72
La muerte de Ibn Hud en 1238 y el continuo descaecimiento del poder almohade allanaron las nuevas conquistas de Fernando en las tierras andalusíes.72 Gran parte de la campiña cordobesa capituló a los castellano-leoneses y en los primeros años de 1240 estos sometieron el reino de Murcia.72 En 1241, se apoderó de Albacete.72
Entre 1240 y 1243 sus conquistas se extendieron en abanico sin encontrar apenas resistencia: Chillón, Gahete, Pedroche, Santa Eufemia, Ovejo, Setefilla, Hornachuelos, Almodóvar, Luque, Lucena, Santaella, Montoro, Aguilar, Baena, Écija, Marchena, Morón, Osuna y Estepa.
Tabla que muestra a Axataf entregando las llaves de Sevilla a Fernando III frente a una de las puertas de la ciudad, en una obra de alrededor de 1750. El autor se tomó la licencia de hacer figurar la catedral tal y como los cristianos la construyeron. El cuadro muestra también a la Virgen de los Reyes en los cielos en el momento de la entrega.
A Fernando III se le plantearon dos frentes, Murcia y Andalucía. El primero decidió reservárselo para él y para el segundo envió a su hijo primogénito. Alfonso viajó a Toledo en 1243 a donde llegó una embajada del rey de Murcia, Muriel, trayendo un pliego de condiciones para hacerse un señorío de don Fernando. La razón es que Jaime I de Aragón había conquistado ya Valencia y Játiva y ahora, aliado con Alhamar, rey de Jaén y Granada, pretendían hacerse con Murcia. Alfonso aceptó el pliego y firmó las Capitulaciones de Alcaraz y posteriormente recorrió la región y se instaló temporalmente en el alcázar de Murcia. Posteriormente Alfonso firmó con Jaime I de Aragón el Tratado de Almizra para fijar el límite de expansión de los aragoneses hacia el sur.73 Este acuerdo llevó como prenda la concertación de una boda entre Alfonso de Castilla y Violante, hija de Jaime I. En 1244 Rodrigo González Girón y el maestre de Santiago, Pelayo Pérez Correa, se unieron a Alfonso y se apoderaron de la ciudad de Mula, de Lorca –que capituló tras una ardua resistencia– y de Cartagena, que pudieron tomar gracias a una flota naval que vino del Cantábrico, y que fue un preludio de los planes que tenía Fernando con Sevilla. Ese mismo año de 1244, Fernando emprendió su última ofensiva en Al-Ándalus.73
La ciudad de Jaén ya había estado bajo asedio del 5 al 20 de julio de 1225, cuando estaba defendida por Álvar Pérez de Castro, antes de que fuera rescindido su contrato de servir al rey de Granada. En 1228 volvió Fernando por aquellas tierras y tomó la villa y el castillo de Castro y remontó el río de la Plata por el cerro Veleta y Otiñar, cuya población fue arrasada, al igual que se había hecho con Grañena, en el cerro Pitas.74 En 1230 volvió a cercar Jaén y los alrededores fueron saqueados.74 En 1245, estando Fernando en Martos, Pelayo Correa le animó para tomar Jaén. Fernando partió para Jaén con la compañía de su hermano menor, Alfonso de Molina, y ayudándose de las órdenes de Calatrava y de Santiago principalmente. Jaén pertenecía al reino taifa de Arjona, cuyo rey era Áhmed ben Yúsuf ben Násar, conocido como Aben Alhamar, que finalmente trasladó su reino a Granada. El sitio, el tercero que acometía Fernando para adueñarse de la plaza, se prolongó siete meses, desde agosto de 1245 hasta febrero de 1246.73 Finalmente, Alahmar entregó Jaén y reconoció el dominio del rey Fernando de sus tierras, el Reino de Granada, en vasallaje, pagando la mitad de sus rentas, calculadas en ciento cincuenta mil maravedíes anuales.73 Se aseguró así la supervivencia del Reino de Granada, que se prolongaría durante dos siglos y medio más.75 Alhamar había tratado en vano de obtener el socorro de los benimerines y, al no conseguirlo, se avino a ceder la plaza, cuya población tuvo que evacuarla.73 Fernando hizo su entrada solemne en la ciudad en marzo de 1246.73 Por iniciativa suya, el obispado de Baeza se trasladó a Jaén en 1248.73 La conquista de Jaén también le permitió al rey firmar una liga con Sevilla, cuyos señores temían al sultán háfsida Abu Zakariyya Yahya I.76 La posterior ruptura de la alianza precipitó la campaña que concluyó con su conquista por el soberano castellano-leonés.76
Entre marzo y abril de 1245 fue a visitar a su madre, Berenguela, y se reunieron en Pozo de Don Gil, lugar donde Alfonso X fundó Villa Real, que hoy es Ciudad Real. La madre le comunicó que había estado realizando gestiones en Castilla y en León pero que estaba cansada y necesitaba recluirse en un monasterio. En 1246, tras conquistar el alcázar de Alcalá de Guadaira, próximo a Sevilla, recibió la noticia de la muerte de su madre. Fue enterrada en el monasterio de Las Huelgas, en Burgos, en un sepulcro sencillo, pero su nieta, que era monja en ese monasterio, decidió en 1251 su traslado a un mausoleo en el coro, junto a los restos de sus padres, Alfonso VIII y Leonor.77
En 1247 el papa Inocencio IV otorgó una bula de cruzada para la Reconquista de Sevilla, según la cual Fernando podía tomar las tercias de fábrica para pagar los gastos de los que se desplazaran para participar en ella por motivos cristianos.3678
Reconquista de Sevilla
Artículo principal: Reconquista de Sevilla
El rey Fernando encargó a Ramón de Bonifaz la constitución de una flota para tomar la ciudad portuaria de Sevilla; esta se aprestó entre 1246 y 1248.79 Este se dirigió a Cantabria donde consiguió trece naves gruesas además de algunas galeras y naves menores. La flota cristiana se dispuso a atacar a la flota musulmana, que se encontraba en superioridad numérica, en el río Guadalquivir y Fernando III envió refuerzos terrestres. Finalmente, Bonifaz venció a la flota musulmana, consiguiendo así privar a Sevilla de refuerzos marítimos que pudiesen enviarse desde el norte de África. Además, las plazas cercanas a la ciudad fueron cayendo paulatinamente en manos de los castellano-leoneses.79 El 20 de agosto de 1247 comenzó a asediar la ciudad,79 pero descubrieron que el emir de Niebla, Amen Amanfon, enviaba refuerzos y víveres desde la fortaleza de San Juan de Aznalfarache utilizando el puente de barcas. En el asedio también se encontraba el hijo de Fernando III, Alfonso X, que envió misivas a la ciudad amenazando con pasar a cuchillo a sus habitantes si se derribaba una sola teja de la mezquita o un solo ladrillo de su alminar,80 la futura Giralda. Uno de los caballeros que más se destacó en aquella batalla fue Garci Pérez de Vargas.81 El infante Alfonso, acompañado del de Portugal Pedro de Urgel y de algunas tropas catalanas y aragonesas, se había unido al cerco a finales de 1247.79
Fernando III envió al maestre Pelayo Pérez Correa a asediar el castillo de San Juan, consiguiendo tomar la plaza. Sin embargo, desde la comarca del Aljarafe la ciudad siguió recibiendo apoyos a través del puente de barcas,82 tomando el rey Fernando la decisión de cortarlo. Ramón de Bonifaz, junto con Rui Pérez, capitanearon los barcos cargados de piedras para embestir contra el puente.82 Según algunos autores, el puerto estaba protegido por una cadena que iba desde la Torre del Oro hasta la orilla opuesta, y los barcos rompieron esa cadena antes de destruir el puente.82 Tras esto, la ciudad intramuros quedó aislada del Aljarafe y del castillo de Triana.82
La ciudad se rindió al no recibir el auxilio solicitado a los hafsíes del Magreb.79 La toma de la ciudad por las tropas castellanas tuvo lugar el 23 de noviembre de 1248.79 El caíd Axataf entregó las llaves de la ciudad a Fernando III.83
Como ya había ocurrido en otros lugares, Fernando restauró el arzobispado hispalense, al que dotó con munificencia.84 La corte se instaló en Sevilla hasta la muerte del rey en 1252.85 Su larga campaña de conquista acarreó, sin embargo, nuevas dificultades financieras y peticiones de concesiones económicas al papado, que las otorgó.86
Las últimas campañas se dedicaron a someter el alfoz sevillano y diversas plazas.85 En 1249 el monarca conquistó Lebrija y ya en 1250 el castillo de Fontanar y su aldea, hoy Bornos, y Arcos de la Frontera.85 En 1251 su hijo Felipe, de 21 años, fue escogido como arzobispo de la recién restaurada sede de Sevilla, sin embargo no llegó a consagrarse y contrajo matrimonio con la princesa Cristina de Noruega. El infante Sancho, a sus 18 años, fue nombrado arzobispo de Toledo. El emir de Niebla y del Algarve, Ibn Mahfuz, cedió los derechos de soberanía del Algarve al rey castellano a cambio de que le protegiera del rey de Portugal, que estaba conquistando ese territorio. El monarca portugués reconoció esto en unas treguas que firmó con el monarca castellano por 40 años.[cita requerida]
La Crónica general dice que, tras la Reconquista de Sevilla en 1248, pasaron a dominio castellano Jerez de la Frontera, Medina Sidonia,85 Alcalá de los Gazules, Vejer de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Sanlúcar de Alpechín,d Rota y Trebujena. Lo más probable es que estos lugares no fueran conquistados en el reinado de Fernando y que, simplemente, quedasen como vasallos, con el pago de las correspondientes parias.8788
La Crónica general afirma que, poco tiempo después de la Reconquista de Sevilla en 1248, Fernando planeaba la conquista del norte de África.89 El proyecto era realizar una cruzada que conquistase desde Orán hasta el Atlántico para controlar así los dos lados del estrecho. Esto era posible, ya que en el Magreb los almohades se encontraban en una crisis interna y los benimerines estaban intentando afianzarse en el territorio, enfrentados a los califas almohades y a los reyes musulmanes de Túnez y Tremecén.90 Alfonso X mandó construir las Atarazanas de Sevilla en 1252 para la fabricación de barcos.90 En 1257 realizó una expedición militar a Taount, cerca de Orán, y en 1260 realizó otra a Salé.89
Labor cultural y política
Estatua ecuestre del monarca en el monumento situado en la Plaza Nueva de Sevilla, realizado en la década de 1920. La estatua de Fernando III es obra de Joaquín Bilbao Rodríguez.
Trató de unificar y centralizar la administración de los reinos castellano y leonés, promovió la traducción del Fuero juzgo y estableció el castellano como idioma oficial de sus reinos y de los documentos, en sustitución del latín. Amante de la poesía, se conserva de él una cantiga en gallego que compuso en loor de la Virgen que indica además su gran devoción mariana. Mandó hacer el Libro del septenario, conocido también llanamente como Setenario, una especie de borrador de Las siete partidas de su hijo Alfonso X que era un texto orientado a la educación y de índole filosófica que habla de los siete ramos de las artes liberales y contiene algunos conceptos de derecho común. Alfonso X concluiría después satisfactoriamente este proyecto de su padre dándole un sentido más jurídico. También ordenó hacer hacia 1237 el Libro de la nobleza y lealtad, compuesto por doce sabios conocido también como Libro de los doce sabios, un espejo de príncipes que propone un grupo consultivo de doce personas doctas para ayudar a ser un buen gobernante. Este tratado posee un epílogo de su hijo, Alfonso X el Sabio.9192 Se trata de una obra de derecho político y normas de los deberes del gobernante para un buen gobierno y las virtudes que debe reunir para cumplir esas obligaciones. El libro se inspira en la escolástica y en las doctrinas isidoriana y tomista y puede considerarse un antecedente del llamado Consejo de Castilla.
En el ámbito cultural y religioso, mandó levantar las catedrales de Burgos y León. En su tiempo, el arzobispo Rodrigo inició las obras de la Catedral de Toledo. El canciller del rey, Juan, fundó la Catedral de Valladolid y, posteriormente, siendo obispo de Osuna, edificó esa catedral. Nuño, obispo de Astorga, hizo la torre y el claustro de su catedral. Lorenzo, obispo de Orense, levantó la torre que le faltaba a su templo. Mandó edificar el rey innumerables iglesias, conventos y hospitales y tanto él como su madre efectuaban importantes donaciones.93
Pese a sus esfuerzos por revitalizar el Studium Generale de Palencia, entrado en una irremediable decadencia y fundado en 1212 por Alfonso VIII de Castilla y trasladado a Salamanca en 1218 por Alfonso IX de León, como no parecía funcionar al nivel universitario que se quería por los escasos recursos de que disponía lo anuló en 1240 y desde este momento Fernando dedicó toda la atención y recursos a la Universidad de Salamanca para que se convirtiera en una de las mejores de Europa.93
Fernando III, preocupado por sus conquistas en Andalucía, buscó la quietud social en Galicia, y para ello se inclinó a favor de los señores eclesiásticos en la pugna que estos tenían con los concejos de Compostela en 1238, de Tuy en 1249 y de Lugo en 1252 y creó la figura del representante del poder real, ya que él, desde tan lejos, no podía ejercer el poder mediante adelantados.94 Repartió las nuevas tierras conquistadas entre las órdenes militares, la Iglesia y los nobles, lo que dio lugar a la formación de grandes latifundios.
Corte
Se esmeró por que en su corte se le diera importancia a la música y al buen hablar literario. Organizaba torneos y fiestas, que eran amenizadas por trovadores y juglares. Entre los trovadores cercanos a él se encontraban Da Ponte, que compuso estrofas lamentando la muerte de su primera esposa, Beatriz. Los trovadores Domingo Abad y Nicolás de Romances, tras la Reconquista de Sevilla, fueron recompensados con la herencia de un feudo cada uno.95 Las trovas y canciones gallegas, aprendidas por él durante su juventud en Galicia, eran sus favoritas.95 Además fue mecenas de artistas. Su hijo el rey Alfonso el Sabio fue un gran literato y declaró que su saber se lo debía en gran parte al interés que su padre tenía por que su instrucción fuera la mejor posible.
La muerte del rey
Las postrimerías de Fernando III el Santo, por Virgilio Mattoni. 1887. Real Alcázar de Sevilla.
Su muerte se atribuye a una hidropesía que contrajo en el invierno de 1251.96 Su fallecimiento tuvo lugar el 30 de mayo de 1252.97
El 30 de mayo de 1252 se encontraba en el Alcázar. Estaban con él cuatro de los hijos que tuvo con Beatriz de Suabia; Alfonso, Fadrique, Felipe y Enrique; y su esposa Juana de Ponthieu con los tres hijos que tuvo con ella; Fernando, Leonor y Luis.98 Estuvo en compañía de sus familiares portando un Crucifijo.98
Pidió que Remondo, obispo de Segovia, su confesor habitual, le administrase el viático.96 Fernando se vistió con un sayal. Cuando se produjo la consagración se arrodilló y se puso en el cuello una soga de esparto, recibiendo así la comunión.9996
Le fue acercado un cirio para que lo llevara en el momento de su muerte y, antes de sostenerlo, alzó los brazos al cielo y dijo:100
Señor: me diste reino que no tenía, y honra y poder que no merecí; dísteme vida, ésta no durable, cuanto fue tu voluntad. Señor, gracias te doy y te devuelvo el reino que me diste con aquel provecho que yo pude alcanzar y ofrézcote mi alma.100
Pidió a los clérigos que rezasen las letanías y cantasen el Te Deum Laudamus.101
El funeral tuvo lugar el 1 de junio de 1252 y fue oficiado por Remondo, obispo de Segovia, en la catedral. En la ciudad había vasallos reales, obispos, abades y hombres ricos del reino, que habían acudido para mostrar su lamento.97
Sepultura
Vista general de la capilla Real de la Catedral de Sevilla.
El cadáver del rey Fernando III el Santo recibió sepultura en la Catedral de Sevilla, tres días después de su defunción.102 Fernando III había dispuesto en su testamento que su cadáver recibiese sepultura al pie de la imagen de la Virgen de los Reyes, que se supone le fue regalada al monarca por su primo, el rey san Luis de Francia, y había ordenado además que su sepultura fuera sencilla, sin estatua yacente.103
No obstante, tras la muerte del rey, su hijo Alfonso X ordenó realizar los mausoleos de sus padres, revestidos de plata, y las efigies sedentes que les representaban, recubiertas de metales preciosos y piedras preciosas, contraviniendo así el deseo de su padre. Delante de la imagen de la Virgen de los Reyes, donada por Fernando III el Santo a la Catedral de Sevilla, fueron colocadas las efigies de Fernando III y de su primera esposa, la reina Beatriz de Suabia, que aparecían vestidos, sentados en sillones chapados de plata y bajo baldaquinos de plata dorada.
La imagen sedente de Fernando III se hallaba coronada por una corona de oro y piedras preciosas. Las imágenes de Fernando III y Beatriz de Suabia portaban sendas coronas de oro y piedras preciosas. Las piedras preciosas fueron confiscadas por su descendiente, el rey Pedro I de Castilla, durante la Guerra de los dos Pedros, en el siglo XIV, argumentando que no se hallaban suficientemente protegidas.104
El monarca aparecía portando en la mano derecha la espada con la punta hacia arriba, estando la espada adornada con un rubí y una esmeralda. En el dedo índice de la mano izquierda, en la que sostenía la vaina de la espada, adornada con pedrería, llevaba un anillo de oro con un rubí de considerable tamaño. Dicho anillo sería posteriormente colocado en la mano de la Virgen de los Reyes, quien portaba, al igual que el Niño Jesús que ella sostenía en sus brazos, una corona de oro con piedras preciosas, que le fueron donadas por Alfonso X el Sabio.105
Tras la muerte de Alfonso X, su efigie, del mismo estilo que las de sus padres, fue colocada al lado de aquellas. Los sarcófagos que contenían los restos de los reyes fueron colocados a los pies de la imagen de la Virgen de los Reyes, y se hallaban adornados con blasones en los que aparecían castillos, leones y águilas, símbolo este último de la Casa de Hohenstaufen, de la que era miembro la reina Beatriz de Suabia.
Urna de plata que contiene los restos mortales de san Fernando. Capilla Real de la Catedral de Sevilla.
La efigie que representaba a Fernando III se hallaba colocada en el centro de la capilla y a la izquierda estaba colocada la de su esposa. Cuando Fernando III el Santo fue canonizado en el año 1671, la imagen sedente del rey, del siglo XIII, fue sustituida por otra realizada por el escultor Pedro Roldán, quien según ciertas fuentes la realizó en pocos días, siendo después dorada y estofada por una hija del pintor Juan de Valdés Leal.106
En la actualidad, la urna de plata que contiene los restos de Fernando III el Santo se encuentra colocada sobre un basamento de mampostería, colocado ante las gradas del altar donde se sitúa la imagen de la Virgen de los Reyes. En el basamento de mampostería que sirve de soporte a la urna se encuentran colocados cuatro epitafios, compuestos en árabe, latín, hebreo y castellano. La tradición sostiene que los cuatro epitafios fueron compuestos por su hijo Alfonso X.
La urna de plata que contiene los restos del rey san Fernando fue realizada por el orfebre Juan Laureano de Pina. Fue comenzada en 1690, aunque las dificultades financieras motivaron que su terminación no finalizara hasta el año 1719, habiendo participado en su conclusión varios orfebres, y habiéndose empleado en su realización plata, plata sobredorada y bronce. La urna exterior cubre la urna interior, con paredes de cristal, en la que reposan los restos del monarca.
La urna, que se considera la obra más relevante de la orfebrería barroca sevillana, permanece cerrada habitualmente, aunque puede ser abierta para mostrar el cuerpo de san Fernando, como se hace el día 30 de mayo, Festividad de San Fernando, en que es expuesto a la veneración de los fieles.107 En la decoración de la urna externa, que protege la urna interior, se glorifican las virtudes del rey san Fernando y la apoteosis de la monarquía española, estando además adornada con relieves con motivos florales y vegetales.
Canonización
Retablo de San Fernando en la iglesia del Salvador de Sevilla. A sus lados se encuentran San Luis Rey de Francia y San Hermenegildo y arriba están las tallas de San Diego de Alcalá y San Juan Bautista. El retablo es obra de José Díaz y fue realizado entre 1760 y 1767. La imagen de San Fernando fue tallada por Antonio de Quirós en 1699, correspondiendo su policromía al pintor Francisco Meneses Osorio. San Luis y San Hermenegildo son obras de Blas Moner.
Para la canonización es preciso, además del milagro, la fama de santidad. Tras la muerte de Fernando III y de su entierro en la catedral se genera una energía espiritual que atrae a los fieles sevillanos.108 El papa Sixto V confirmaría en 1590 que Fernando III poseía el halo de santidad y que merecía el tratamiento de santo, en base al «resplandor alrededor de la cabeza que se da en Roma a los beatificados y la diadema de los canonizados.»108 Las restricciones del papa Urbano VIII obligaron a demostrar que esta representación realmente era tal y, una vez acreditada, fue posible impulsar el procedimiento a partir de 1649.108
Francisco López de Caro y Bartolomé Esteban Murillo se encargaron de recopilar todas las imágenes que existían en Sevilla de Fernando III.108 Comenzaron con una lámina de cobre que se conservaba en la capilla Real de la Catedral de Sevilla, que a su vez era una versión de otra que se había realizado en Roma años antes. En la misma capilla encontraron una imagen en un tabernáculo de San Fernando arrodillado orante frente a una imagen del Padre. En el trascoro de la catedral existía una imagen de la rendición del emir Axataf ante Fernando III pintada por Francisco Pacheco en 1634.
Tras recopilar otros retratos acudieron al Alcázar de Sevilla, donde encontraron una imagen del rey en el salón de Embajadores. Otros sitios que visitaron fueron la Puerta de Jerez, el convento franciscano de San Diego, la Puerta de la Carne, la iglesia de Santa María la Blanca, el monasterio de la Cartuja, el monasterio de San Clemente, la Alhóndiga, el retablo de San Andrés del convento de la Paz, la casa consistorial y el convento de San Francisco anejo.108 En 3 años, a partir de enero de 1649, ambos lograron reunir numerosas imágenes que existían en la ciudad del rey Fernando que ratificaban la fama de santidad de esta persona.108
Tras esto, se procedió a dar cuenta de los testimonios para la canonización en los años 50 del siglo XVII. A partir de 1652 la imagen de San Fernando ya estaba internacionalizada. En 1626 algunos testigos, como Juan Villavicencio y Alarcón, dieron fe de la enorme popularidad alcanzada por la imagen en Roma. También le era rendido culto en la Catedral de Mónaco, en su propio altar. Juan de la Fuente Almonte, regidor veinticuatro de Sevilla, manifestó que en el Virreinato de Perú se le llamaba «Santo Rey Don Fernando».108
El 7 de febrero de 1671,108fue canonizado por el papa Clemente X.
Patronazgos
San Fernando es patrón de varias localidades como: Sevilla, Aranjuez, San Fernando de Henares, Maspalomas (Gran Canaria), Villanueva del Río y Minas, San Fernando de Apure, Pivijay y de la pedanía albaceteña Ventas de Alcolea. También es patrón del Arma de Ingenieros del Ejército de Tierra de España.109110
Desde la creación en 1819 de la Diócesis de San Cristóbal de La Laguna, también llamada Diócesis de Tenerife (islas Canarias), San Fernando es el compatrono de la misma y de la catedral diocesana por bula del papa Pío VII.2 Esto es debido, por un lado, a que esta diócesis es dependiente de la Archidiócesis de Sevilla,2 cuya ciudad capital tiene por patrono a san Fernando conjuntamente con la Virgen de los Reyes y, por otro, a que fue el rey Fernando VII quien apoyó decisivamente la creación de esta diócesis.111 San Fernando es también el patrono de la Universidad de La Laguna, puesto que esta institución fue fundada bajo el nombre de Universidad Literaria de San Fernando.3
Fernando, durante el sitio a Sevilla, contaba con una bandera con la efigie de la Virgen. Los musulmanes pensaron que destruir esa bandera sería un importante golpe contra la moral de las tropas cristianas y enviaron un pequeño contingente al campamento cristiano, que terminó por dañar a saetazos la bandera. Fernando comentó este hecho al clérigo Remondo, que le recomendó enviarlo a los sastres del campamento para que lo repararan, pero Fernando decidió coserlo él mismo. Por esto, fue nombrado hermano mayor de la hermandad católica del gremio de los sastres o los "alfayetes", que fue la primera que existió en Sevilla tras la Reconquista. Dicha hermandad tenía como patrones a san Mateo y san Homobono y más tarde añadieron a la Virgen de los Reyes (patrona de los sastres) y al propio san Fernando cuando fue canonizado. Esa hermandad aún existe, con el nombre de Hermandad de la Virgen de los Reyes, y tiene su culto en la iglesia de San Ildefonso de la ciudad.112
Matrimonios y descendencia
Monumento a Fernando III el Santo en Baeza.
Fernando III el Santo contrajo matrimonio en noviembre de 1219 en el Monasterio de San Zoilo de Carrión de los Condes, situado en la provincia de Palencia, con Beatriz de Suabia, hija de Felipe de Suabia, rey de Romanos y duque de Suabia, y de Irene Ángelo, hija de Isaac II Ángelo, emperador del Imperio romano de Oriente, con la que tuvo diez hijos:
Alfonso X113 (1221-1284), rey de Castilla y de León, tras la muerte de su padre Fernando III. Contrajo matrimonio con Violante de Aragón.
Fadrique (1223114-1277). Fue ejecutado en 1277 por orden de su hermano, Alfonso X el Sabio y después sepultado en el desaparecido monasterio de la Santísima Trinidad de Burgos.
Fernando114 (1225-1248). Falleció durante la conquista de Sevilla en 1248.
Leonor (1225115-¿?), falleció en su juventud.
Berenguela114 (1228-1279), monja en el Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas en Burgos en el que fue sepultada.
Enrique114 (1230-1303). Después de su estancia en Túnez, fue nombrado senador de Roma por el papa Clemente IV.
Felipe114 (1231-1274), arzobispo de Sevilla, fue sepultado en la Iglesia de Santa María la Blanca de Villalcázar de Sirga.
Sancho114 (1233-1261), arzobispo de Toledo y Sevilla.
Manuel114 (1234-1283), señor de Villena, Escalona, Peñafiel, Elche, Santa Olalla, Agreda, Roa, Cuéllar, Chinchilla, Aspe y Beas.
María115 (1235-1235), sepultada en la Colegiata de San Isidoro de León.
Tras quedar viudo de su primera esposa, Beatriz de Suabia, el rey Fernando contrajo matrimonio en la ciudad de Burgos en 1237 con Juana de Ponthieu de quien tuvo los siguientes hijos:
Fernando116 (1238-c. 1264), conde de Aumale y barón de Montgomery, falleció en Francia.
Leonor116 (1240-1290), quien contrajo matrimonio con Eduardo I de Inglaterra y fue la madre de Eduardo II de Inglaterra.
Luis (1242-1269),116 señor de Marchena y Zuheros, contrajo matrimonio con Juana Gómez de Manzanedo.
Simón 116 (1244-¿?). Falleció en su juventud y se supone que fue sepultado en el monasterio de los dominicos de Toledo.
Juan (1245-1245).116 Murió recién nacido y fue sepultado en la catedral de Córdoba.
Linaje N°1 FAMILIA |•••► FERNANDO |
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1.- 1199 FERNANDO III DE LEÓN Y DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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2.- 1171 ALFONSO IX EL BABOSO, REY DE LEÓN Y GALICIA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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3.- 1199 FERDINAND (THE SAINT), KING OF CASTILE AND LEÓN |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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4.- 1171 ALFONSO IX OF BURGUNDY, KING OF LEON AND GALICIA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: Fernando Ii, Rey De León
MADRE: Urraca De Portugal, Reina Consorte De León |
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5.- 1137 FERNANDO II, REY DE LEÓN |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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6.- 1105 ALFONSO VII THE EMPEROR, KING OF CASTILE AND LEON |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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7.- 1070 RAYMOND OF BURGUNDY, COUNT OF GALICIA |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: William the Great, Count of Burgundy
MADRE: Stephanie de Borgoña Ivrea |
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8.- 1020 WILLIAM THE GREAT, COUNT OF BURGUNDY |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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9.- 0986 REGINALD I COMTE DE BOURGOGNE IVREA, COUNT PALATINE OF BURGUNDY |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: Otto Guillaume I, comte de Bourgogne et de Mâcon
MADRE: Ermentrude de Roucy |
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10.- 0960 OTTO GUILLAUME I, COMTE DE BOURGOGNE ET DE MÂCON |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: Adalbert Ii, King Of Italy
MADRE: Gerberga, Countess of Macon |
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11.- 0932 ADALBERT II, KING OF ITALY |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: |
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12.- 0900 BERENGAR II OF IVREA, KING OF ITALY |•••► Pais:italia PADRE: |
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13.- 0880 ADELBERT I, MARGRAVE OF IVREA |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: Anscar I, count of Oscheret in Burgundy, 1st marquis of Ivrea
MADRE: |
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14.- 0850 ANSCAR I, COUNT OF OSCHERET IN BURGUNDY, 1ST MARQUIS OF IVREA |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: Amadeus, count of Oscheret
MADRE: |
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15.- 0790 AMADEUS, COUNT OF OSCHERET |•••► Pais: PADRE: Unruoch - Hertug Von Friuli
MADRE: Engeltrude - Grevinde Von Paris |
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16.- 0760 UNRUOCH - HERTUG VON FRIULI |•••► Pais: PADRE: Berenger di Fruili, Greve Af Paris
MADRE: Alpais Caroling Princess HR Empire |
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17.- BERENGER DI FRUILI, GREVE AF PARIS |•••► Pais: PADRE: Gérard I, Greve Af Paris
MADRE: Rotrou Prinsesse Af Austrasie |
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18.- 0745 GÉRARD I, GREVE AF PARIS |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: |
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Linaje N°2 FAMILIA |•••► BERENGUELA |
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1.- 1180 BERENGUELA I LA GRANDE, REINA DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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2.- 1155 ALFONSO VIII EL NOBLE, REY DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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3.- 1133 SANCHO III EL DESEADO, REY DE CASTILLA |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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4.- 1105 ALFONSO VII THE EMPEROR, KING OF CASTILE AND LEON |•••► Pais:España PADRE: |
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5.- 1070 RAYMOND OF BURGUNDY, COUNT OF GALICIA |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: William the Great, Count of Burgundy
MADRE: Stephanie de Borgoña Ivrea |
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6.- 1020 WILLIAM THE GREAT, COUNT OF BURGUNDY |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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7.- 0986 REGINALD I COMTE DE BOURGOGNE IVREA, COUNT PALATINE OF BURGUNDY |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: Otto Guillaume I, comte de Bourgogne et de Mâcon
MADRE: Ermentrude de Roucy |
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8.- 0960 OTTO GUILLAUME I, COMTE DE BOURGOGNE ET DE MÂCON |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: Adalbert Ii, King Of Italy
MADRE: Gerberga, Countess of Macon |
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9.- 0932 ADALBERT II, KING OF ITALY |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: |
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10.- 0900 BERENGAR II OF IVREA, KING OF ITALY |•••► Pais:italia PADRE: |
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11.- 0880 ADELBERT I, MARGRAVE OF IVREA |•••► Pais:Italia PADRE: Anscar I, count of Oscheret in Burgundy, 1st marquis of Ivrea
MADRE: |
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12.- 0850 ANSCAR I, COUNT OF OSCHERET IN BURGUNDY, 1ST MARQUIS OF IVREA |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: Amadeus, count of Oscheret
MADRE: |
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13.- 0790 AMADEUS, COUNT OF OSCHERET |•••► Pais: PADRE: Unruoch - Hertug Von Friuli
MADRE: Engeltrude - Grevinde Von Paris |
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14.- 0760 UNRUOCH - HERTUG VON FRIULI |•••► Pais: PADRE: Berenger di Fruili, Greve Af Paris
MADRE: Alpais Caroling Princess HR Empire |
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15.- BERENGER DI FRUILI, GREVE AF PARIS |•••► Pais: PADRE: Gérard I, Greve Af Paris
MADRE: Rotrou Prinsesse Af Austrasie |
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16.- 0745 GÉRARD I, GREVE AF PARIS |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: |
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Linaje N°3 FAMILIA |•••► URRACA |
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1.- 1151 URRACA DE PORTUGAL |•••► Pais:PORTUGAL PADRE: Afonso I (the Conqueror) Henriques, King of Portugal
MADRE: Mafalda de Saboya |
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PORTUGAL2.- 1106 AFONSO I (THE CONQUEROR) HENRIQUES, KING OF PORTUGAL |•••► Pais:PORTUGAL PADRE: |
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3.- 1069 HENRIQUE DE BORGONHA CONDE DE PORTUGAL |•••► Pais:Portugal PADRE:
MADRE: Sibylle De Barcelone Duchesse Consort De Bourgog |
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4.- 1035 HENRI LE DAMOISEAU DUC DE BOURGOGNE |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: Hélie de Semur duchesse consort de Bourgogne |
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5.- 1011 ROBERT I LE VIEUX DUC DE BOURGOGNE |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: Constance of Arles queen consort of the Franks |
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6.- 0972 ROBERT II CAPET, KING OF THE FRANCE |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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7.- 0940 HUGUES CAPET, ROI DES FRANCS |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: Hedwige of Saxony |
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8.- 0898 HUGH (MAGNUS) OF PARIS, COUNT OF PARIS, DUKE OF THE FRANKS |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: Béatrice de Vermandois |
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9.- 0866 ROBERT I, KING OF FRANCE |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE:
MADRE: Adelaide of Tours |
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Linaje N°4 FAMILIA |•••► ELEANOR |
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1.- 1162 ELEANOR OF ENGLAND, QUEEN CONSORT OF CASTILE |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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2.- 1133 HENRY II PLANTAGENET (CURTMANTLE), KING OF ENGLAND |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: MADRE: |
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3.- 1113 GEOFFROY V, COUNT OF ANJOU, MAINE AND MORTAIN |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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4.- 1089 FULK V, KING OF JERUSALEM |•••► Pais:Francia PADRE: |
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5.- 1043 FULK IV THE SURLY, COUNT OF ANJOU |•••► Pais:Francia
PADRE: Gâtinais Godofredo conde de
MADRE: Anjou Ermengarda de |
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6.- GÂTINAIS GODOFREDO CONDE DE |•••► Pais:
PADRE: Hugues Du Perche, Comte De Gatinais
MADRE: Beatrice of Mâcon |
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